An educational intervention on the neurophysiology of chronic pain will be provided. The content of the intervention will be identical in the experimental groups (group and individual). The intervention has an active educational approach based on reconceptualizing the maladaptive beliefs that influence the fear-avoidance behavior of the participants through updated contents of the neuroscience of pain. The effects of the intervention will be compared between the groups and the influence of the social determinants of health on the effects will also be determined. The investigators hypothesize that there will be significant differences in favor of the group intervention group over the individual intervention groups. Furthermore, the effects will be influenced by the social determinants of health in both experimental groups.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE
Enrollment
69
A pain neuroscience education session geared towards fear-avoidance beliefs
Changes in Fear avoidance beliefs
The Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire consists of two subscales: (1) a 7-item work subscale (FABQ-W) and (2) a 4-item physical activity subscale (FABQ-P). Both subscales score on a Likert-type scale from 0 to 6 points on each item. Higher scores indicate higher levels of fear-avoidance beliefs.
Time frame: baseline, 1-week post-intervention, and 4 -weeks post-intervention
changes in pressure pain sensitivity
An algometer will be used to measure pressure pain sensitivity (SPD), which is defined as the amount of applied pressure required for a subject to report the onset of pain sensation. It will be applied three times for each moment of evaluation and the average of the three applications will be considered. The unit of measure kg/cm2/s will be used.
Time frame: baseline, 1-week post-intervention, and 4 -weeks post-intervention
Changes in Pain Self-efficacy
Cain self-efficacy questionnaire (PSEQ) consists of 10 items rated on a 7-point Likert scale from 0 ("not at all sure") to 6 ("very sure"). Higher scores indicate stronger self-efficacy beliefs, while low scores indicate a subject more focused on their pain.
Time frame: baseline, 1-week post-intervention, and 4 -weeks post-intervention
Changes in Catastrophizing
Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) consists of 13 items on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from (0) never to (4) all the time. Higher scores indicate more catastrophic thoughts.
Time frame: baseline, 1-week post-intervention, and 4 -weeks post-intervention
Changes in Pain intensity
Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). It consists of a number line from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate greater intensity of pain.
Time frame: baseline, 1-week post-intervention, and 4 -weeks post-intervention
Treatment expectation
The treatment expectation questionnaire (TEX-Q). This questionnaire consists of 15 questions with a Likert scale of 0-10. higher scores indicate a better expectation of treatment.
Time frame: baseline
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