This is a pilot study that aims to test the feasibility and safety of a novel Nordic Walking (NW) activity program for community-dwelling older adults who are at risk of falling or experience fear of falling (FOF). The study also aims to determine the distribution and effect sizes of outcomes to inform future sample size calculations and explore participants' perspectives of the intervention. Participants will be asked to: * Attend training sessions to learn proper Nordic Walking techniques. * Engage in supervised Nordic Walking sessions for a specified duration and frequency. * Keep a log of their walking activities and any falls or near falls experienced. * Complete questionnaires to assess their fear of falling and overall physical activity levels. If there is a comparison group: Researchers will compare the intervention group, consisting of older adults participating in the Nordic Walking program, with a control group of older adults who do not receive the intervention. The comparison will be made to determine if Nordic Walking has a significant impact on reducing falls and fear of falling compared to the control group.
Introduction: this is a pilot study that aims to test the feasibility and safety of a novel Nordic Walking (NW) activity program for community-dwelling older adults who are at risk of falling or experience fear of falling (FOF). The study also aims to determine the distribution and effect sizes of outcomes to inform future sample size calculations and explore participants' perspectives of the intervention. Background: Falls and fear of falling are significant concerns among older adults, leading to physical impairments, psychological trauma, and a decline in abilities and quality of life. Exercise has been shown to be effective in improving muscle strength, balance, mobility, and postural control, all of which are risk factors for falls and FOF. However, traditional exercise programs have limitations in terms of cost, sustainability, and long-term adherence. Nordic Walking, a low-risk and low-tech intervention, has emerged as a promising alternative, offering numerous physical and mental health benefits. Study Design: The study will be conducted in two stages. Stage One will involve a two-arm, parallel, single-blind, randomized controlled pilot trial. Forty older adults at risk of falling will be recruited and randomly assigned to either a 10-week NW intervention group or a control group. The intervention group will receive supervised NW training sessions and will be coached to practice independently. The control group will receive regular phone calls to discuss healthy lifestyle habits. Outcome Measures: The study will collect feasibility and safety data, including recruitment, adherence, and follow-up rates, as well as adverse events. Effectiveness outcomes will be assessed using measures such as the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, Stay Independent Falls Risk Assessment Tool, Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I), Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale, and the Four-Square Step Test (FSST). Data Analysis: Descriptive statistics will be used to characterize participants and feasibility measures. Hedge's effect size and confidence intervals will be calculated. Independent samples t-tests and chi-square tests will be used to compare the intervention and control groups. The main focus of the analysis will be to estimate the effect size, test the intervention's feasibility and safety, and inform future studies. Sample Size: The study aims to recruit 40 participants (20 per group) to ensure study robustness and account for potential dropouts. Stage Two: In the second stage, qualitative interviews will be conducted with all participants in the intervention group to gather feedback on the acceptability, perceived value, barriers, and facilitators of participating. The data will be analyzed using interpretive description to identify themes and categories.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
37
The intervention will be a combination of both supervised and unsupervised sessions. Participants in the Nordic Walking (NW) treatment group will attend 5 one-hour group sessions, which will incorporate coaching principles.
School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queens University
Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Estimate the effect size of intervention (Cohen's D)
Effect size estimation is vital in assessing the impact of interventions like Nordic walking and planning future studies. It involves quantifying the magnitude of the intervention's effect on the outcome variable.
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 1.5 years
Evaluate the adherence rate to the intervention (as a measure of feasibility)
Participant Adherence to the Intervention: This measure examines the extent to which participants adhere to the prescribed Nordic walking program. It involves tracking the frequency, duration, and intensity of Nordic walking sessions completed by participants. Adherence rates can be calculated based on the number of sessions attended or completed as planned.
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 1.5 years
Assess safety of the intervention
Monitoring Adverse Events: We systematically record and monitor any adverse events or incidents during the study. This includes injuries, discomfort, or any negative effects reported by participants.
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 1.5 years
Timed Up and Go (TUG) to assess fall risk
The Timed Up and Go (TUG) test is a widely used clinical assessment tool to evaluate mobility and functional mobility, specifically in older adults. While it is not specifically designed to determine the risk of falling, it can provide valuable information that is correlated with fall risk. The TUG test measures the time it takes for an individual to stand up from a chair, walk a set distance (typically 3 meters), turn around, return to the chair, and sit down again.
Time frame: Pre (week 0) /post intervention (week 11)
Fear of Falling: Fear of falling will be measured by the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I)
Scale: Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) Minimum Value: 0 (not at all confident) Maximum Value: 100 (completely confident) Interpretation: In the FES-I, higher scores indicate greater fear of falling. Therefore, a higher score on the FES-I reflects a worse outcome, indicating a higher level of fear and reduced confidence in performing daily activities without falling. Conversely, a lower score on the FES-I suggests a better outcome, indicating a lower level of fear and greater confidence in performing activities without fear of falling.
Time frame: Pre (week 0) /post intervention (week 11)
Performance on the Four-Square Step Test (FSST) will be measured to assess balance.
The Four-Square Step Test (FSST) does not yield a specific score on a scale like some other assessments. Instead, the FSST primarily focuses on the time taken to complete the test and the occurrence of errors or missteps. When assessing FSST performance, the following information is typically recorded: Completion Time: The time the individual takes to complete the FSST is measured in seconds. A shorter completion time generally indicates better balance and agility. Errors or Missteps: The number of errors or missteps made by the individual during the FSST is recorded. Errors can include stepping outside the designated squares, incorrect foot placement, or loss of balance. Fewer errors suggest better balance control and coordination.
Time frame: Pre (week 0) /post intervention (week 11)
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