Evaluate the efficacy of two regimens of management in relieving chronic refractory pain in patients with upper limb complex regional pain syndrome after orthopedic trauma
Ideal therapy for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome is multimodal with the use of physical therapy, psychotherapy, and pharmacologic therapy to complement interventional procedures. Within pharmacotherapy, drugs most often utilized include non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonists (i.e., gabapentin, pregabalin), and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists (i.e., Ketamine). In complex Regional Pain Syndrome treatment, stellate ganglion block (SGB) is a well-established method of nerve blockade of the sympathetic ganglia in the lower cervical and upper thoracic region. Epidural block have differential block as sensory, motor, and sympathetic. Nerve functions are blunt at different rates and to different degrees. Sensory block occurs with a lower concentration of Local anathesia and develops faster than motor block with coexisting sympathectomy.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
90
Under visualization with ultrasound, a 22-gauge, 5-cm needle inserted perpendicular to the skin to rest anteriorly to the precervical fascia. 6 mL lidocaine 0.125% and 8 mg dexamethasone in a total volume of 8 mL is used. After injection of a 0.5-mL test dose to exclude intravascular positioning, the remainder of the appropriate dose was administered. The patient will be encouraged to lie flat for 3 minutes after the injection and then to sit up.
Aseptic betadine skin preparation will be performed and sterile drapes will be applied. Local anesthetic infiltration of the skin at C7-T1 interspace will be done using 2-3 mL of lidocaine 2% with guidance of the C-arm an 18-gauge. Tuohy needle will be inserted at C7-T1 interspace and directed towards either right or left epidural recess according to the site of the operation. Identification of entering the epidural space will be confirmed by hanging drop technique. The position of the needle is the confirmed by injection of 1 mL of non-ionized diluted dye (omnipause 300) to confirm unilateral spread of the dye. After that, a test dose was administrated, consisting of 2 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine.
Tanta University
Tanta, El-Gharbia, Egypt
RECRUITINGThe percent on satisfactory relief of pain
Numerical rating scales (NRS) is an 11-Point Scale for patient self-reporting of pain. It is based solely on the ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) with 0 being "no pain" and 10 being "the worst pain imaginable. NRS was measured before, immediately after injection, 3 and 6 month post injection.
Time frame: 6 month post injection
The degree of chronic pain using Brief Pain Inventory
Brief Pain Inventory short form (BPI-SF) questionnaire. It is a nine item self-administered questionnaire used to evaluate the severity of a patient's pain and the impact of this pain on the patient's daily functioning. The patient is asked to rate their worst, least, average, and current pain intensity, list current treatments and their perceived effectiveness, and rate the degree that pain interferes with general activity, mood, normal work, relations with other persons, sleep, and enjoyment of life on a 10 Point Scale BPI-SF was measured before, immediately after injection, 3 and 6 month post injection
Time frame: 6 month post injection
The incidence of complication
complications as hypotension, headache and neck pain
Time frame: 2 hours post-intervention
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