This study hopes to: 1. explore whether three weeks of MIED could promote experiential avoidance. 2. explore experiential avoidance could be a mediation of outcomes of MIED.
Experiential avoidance refers to individuals resisting experiences or trying to eliminate certain experiences (such as emotions, thoughts, physical feelings, memory and behavioral tendencies, etc.), and trying to adopt corresponding strategies to change these experiences and the situations in which the experiences are generated (Hayes, Wilson, Gifford, Follette, \& Strosahl, 1996). Experiential avoidance has been proved to be a maintenance factor for many psychological disorders (Boelen \& Reijntjes, 2008), and trying to hide or suppress unpleasant thoughts, feelings and physical feelings will increase the frequency and pain of these same experiences (Gross,1998; Gross,2002; Sloan, 2004; Wegner, 1994). According to some reviews, experiential avoidance is one of the beneficial effects of mindfulness (Brown, Bravo, Roos, \& Pearson, 2015; Shapiro et al., 2006). However, no study has examined experiential avoidance as mediator in mindfulness intervention whether in the between-subject or in within-subject level . Therefore, this study uses daily diary research explore the role of experiential avoidance as the effective mechanism of mindfulness intervention.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
200
Mindfulness Intervention for Emotional Distress (MIED) program provide standard audio instructions for mindfulness exercises, introduce the nature and law of anxiety, depression and other emotions, the source of anxiety, depression and other emotional distress, and the strategies and methods to alleviate emotional distress. These exercises, knowledge and strategies are based on the latest progress in the field of psychological counseling and treatment, and their application in daily life can help alleviate anxiety, depression and other emotional problems.
Weekly changes of Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire during the intervention
The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire is a self-reported questionnaire measuring mindfulness levels. Scores range from 39 to 195, with higher scores indicating higher levels of mindfulness.
Time frame: pre-intervention; weekly during the 7-week intervention; after the 7-week intervention
Weekly changes of Chinese Perceived Stress Scale during the intervention
The Chinese Perceived Stress Scale is a self-reported questionnaire measuring stress. Scores range from 0 to 56, with higher scores indicating higher levels of stress.
Time frame: pre-intervention; weekly during the 7-week intervention; after the 7-week intervention
Weekly changes of 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale during the intervention
The 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale is a self-reported questionnaire measuring distress. Scores range from 10 to 50, with higher scores indicating higher levels of distress.
Time frame: pre-intervention; weekly during the 7-week intervention; after the 7-week intervention
Weekly changes of Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale during the intervention
The Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale is a self-reported questionnaire measuring anxiety. Scores range from 0 to 20, with higher scores indicating higher levels of anxiety.
Time frame: pre-intervention; weekly during the 7-week intervention; after the 7-week intervention
Weekly changes of Overall Depression Severity and Impairment Scale during the intervention
The Overall Depression Severity and Impairment Scale is a self-reported questionnaire measuring depression. Scores range from 0 to 20, with higher scores indicating higher levels of depression.
Time frame: pre-intervention; weekly during the 7-week intervention; after the 7-week intervention
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Weekly changes of Inner Peace Scale during the intervention
The Inner Peace Scale is a self-reported questionnaire measuring peace. Scores range from 0 to 28, with higher scores indicating higher levels of peace.
Time frame: pre-intervention; weekly during the 7-week intervention; after the 7-week intervention
Weekly changes of Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale during the intervention
The Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale is a self-reported questionnaire measuring psychological health. Scores range from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating higher levels of depression, anxiety or stress.
Time frame: pre-intervention; weekly during the 7-week intervention; after the 7-week intervention
Weekly changes of Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II during the intervention
The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II is a self-reported questionnaire measuring experiential avoidance. Scores range from 7 to 49, with higher scores indicating higher levels of experiential avoidance.
Time frame: pre-intervention; weekly during the 7-week intervention; after the 7-week intervention
Weekly changes of Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire during the I intervention
The Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire is a self-reported questionnaire measuring experiential avoidance. Scores range from 15 to 90, with higher scores indicating higher levels of experiential avoidance.
Time frame: pre-intervention; weekly during the 7-week intervention; after the 7-week intervention
Daily changes of experiential avoidance
There are 7 items, 4 of which evaluate the use of specific experiential avoidance strategies today, including distraction , redundant thinking, thought suppression and reassessment and 3 of which evaluate today's broader experiential avoidance. Scores range from 7 to 35, with higher scores indicating higher levels of experiential avoidance.
Time frame: once a day in the first three weeks of the intervention
Daily changes of anxiety
Daily anxiety was assessed using a 6-item shortened version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Scores range from 6 to 24, with higher scores indicating higher levels of anxiety.
Time frame: once a day in the first three weeks of the intervention
Daily changes of depression
Daily depressive symptoms were measured by a 10-item modified version of the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depressive Scale with item wordings adapted to include the word 'today' and the instructions modified. Scores range from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating higher levels of depression.
Time frame: once a day in the first three weeks of the intervention
Daily changes of positive and negative affect
Daily positive and negative affect were measured using the 10-itemInternational Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Short Form Scale. Scores range from 5 to 25, with higher scores indicating higher levels of positive/negative affect.
Time frame: once a day in the first three weeks of the intervention
Daily stressor exposure
Daily stressor exposure was measured using a 7-item scale from the Daily Inventory of Stressful Events. if at least one stressor event was experienced by the participant within the day, it was then categorized as a stressor day. If no stressor events were experienced on the day, it was categorized as a non-stressor day.
Time frame: once a day in the first three weeks of the intervention
Daily mindfulness
5 items with the highest factor from each subscale of the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire were chosen. Scores range from 5 to 25, with higher scores indicating higher levels of mindfulness.
Time frame: once a day in the first three weeks of the intervention