The present case-control study is designed to investigate the disease characteristics of IR-CAD by comparing the demographics, clinical features, lab results, imaging findings, and prior treatment between 20 patients with IR-CAD and 10 patients with AS-CAD.
A special type of coronary artery disease (CAD) has been identified in the investigators' clinical practice, which has completely different clinical features from those of typical atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (AS-CAD). The patients often have sterile inflammatory diseases and/or clinical evidence of inflammation, whose CAD progresses rapidly, recurs frequently, and responds poorly to intensified secondary prevention of AS-CAD, especially after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The investigators name this special type of CAD with inflammation-associated rapidly-progressive coronary artery disease (IR-CAD). Currently, the overall disease characteristics of IR-CAD remain unknown. The present case-control study is designed to investigate the disease characteristics of IR-CAD by comparing the demographics, clinical features, lab results, imaging findings, and prior treatment between 20 patients with IR-CAD and 10 patients with AS-CAD. The first 20 patients who were enrolled in the IR-CAD cohort study, which included patients who met the inclusion/exclusion criteria for IR-CAD and received comprehensive treatment, will be enrolled in the case group of the present IR-CAD case-control study. Patients were diagnosed as IR-CAD if they have 1) evidence of rapidly progressive (occurred within 6 months or occurred on immunosuppressive therapy within 12 months of the last coronary revascularization) myocardial ischemia (typical symptoms and non-invasive evidence) despite standard treatment for secondary prevention of AS-CAD; 2) angiographic evidence of new coronary lesions (de novo stenosis or restenosis) considered to be relevant to myocardial ischemia; 3) evidence of inflammation (positive inflammation markers or established diagnosis of inflammatory diseases or use of immunosuppressive therapy). The comprehensive treatment for IR-CAD included: 1) intensified secondary prevention of AS-CAD; 2) immunosuppressive therapy; 3) coronary revascularization; 4) supportive therapies. Patients who fulfill the inclusion/exclusion criteria for AS-CAD defined by the protocol of the present case-control study will be enrolled in the control group of the present case-control study. Patients will be diagnoses as AS-CAD if they 1) are ≥ 45 but \< 65 years of age; 2) are receiving standard treatment for secondary prevention of AS-CAD after the last PCI which was performed 12±6 months ago; 3) do not have evidence of rapidly progressive (occurred within 6 months or occurred on immunosuppressive therapy within 12 months of the last PCI) myocardial ischemia (typical symptoms and non-invasive evidence); 4) do not have angiographic evidence of new coronary lesions (de novo stenosis or restenosis) considered to be relevant to myocardial ischemia. Patients in the IR-CAD cohort study underwent examinations after they met the inclusion/exclusion criteria for IR-CAD based on a protocol specifically designed for the clinical management of IR-CAD patients. The results of the above examinations will be used as the examination results of the case group of the present IR-CAD case-control study. While patients in the control group of the present case-control study will undergo similar examinations after enrollment according to the protocol of the present case-control study. The information regarding the baseline characteristics and the examination results, including demographics, clinical features, lab results, imaging findings, and prior treatment, will be collected and compared between the case group and the control group. The primary endpoint is the rate of elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Eligible patients will be enrolled in the case group and the control group with a 2:1 ratio. The primary endpoint of the present case-control study is elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), which is defined as ESR \> 15 mm for male, or ESR \> 20 mm for female. In case of normal ESR, prior use of immunosuppressive therapy or prior diagnosis of autoimmune diseases before enrollment is regarded as the equivalent to elevated ESR. Based on currently available data from the IR-CAD cohort study, the rate of elevated ESR in the case group (IR-CAD patients) is 88.9% (8/9). The investigators hypothesize that the rate of elevated ESR in the control group (AS-CAD patients) is 20%. In consequence, 20 patients in the case group and 10 patients in the control group would be required to test the difference of the rate of the primary endpoint between the two groups at a significance level of 0.05 (α = 0.05) with a power of 90% (β = 0.10) and a drop-out rate of 20%. Continuous variables will be presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range \[IQR\]) and compared with two-sample t-test or Wilcoxon rank sum test, as appropriate. Categorical data will be demonstrated as n (%) and compared using Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
30
Lab tests (blood and urine and stool routine tests, hepatic and renal and thyroid function tests, tests for metabolic markers, tests for cardiac biomarkers, thrombosis-related tests, rheumatology tests, tests for inflammation markers), electrocardiography, echocardiography, Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS-3), 6-minute walk test, 1-minute squat test, vascular ultrasound, fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), coronary angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), tests for exploratory biomarkers.
Peking Union Medical College Hospital
Beijing, Beijing Municipality, China
RECRUITINGElevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Percentage of patients with elevated ESR (\> 15 mm for male or \> 20 mm for female). In case of normal ESR, prior use of immunosuppressive therapy or prior diagnosis of autoimmune diseases before enrollment is regarded as the equivalent to elevated ESR.
Time frame: From the last coronary revascularization up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Age
Age in years.
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Female sex
Percentage of patients with female sex.
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Yellow race
Percentage of patients with yellow race.
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
Percentage of patients admitted due to ACS for the index hospitalization.
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS).
Percentage of patients admitted due to CCS for the index hospitalization.
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Hypertension
Percentage of patients with prior history of hypertension.
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Dyslipidemia
Percentage of patients with prior history of dyslipidemia.
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Diabetes
Percentage of patients with prior history of diabetes.
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Smoking
Percentage of patients with prior history of smoking.
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Old myocardial infarction (OMI)
Percentage of patients with prior history of OMI.
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
Percentage of patients with prior history of PCI.
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Percentage of patients with prior history of CABG.
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Number of prior coronary revascularization
Number of prior coronary revascularization
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Blood pressure
Measurement of blood pressure.
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Heart rate
Measurement of heart rate.
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Body weight
Measurement of body weight.
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Height
Measurement of height.
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Body mass index (BMI)
BMI = Body weight \[kg\] / (Height \[m\])\^2
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Antithrombotic agents
Percentage of patients on antithrombotic agents.
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
β-blockers
Percentage of patients on β-blockers.
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Blood pressure-lowering agents
Percentage of patients on blood pressure-lowering agents.
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Lipid-lowering agents
Percentage of patients on lipid-lowering agents.
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Hypoglycemic agents
Percentage of patients on hypoglycemic agents.
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Glucocorticoids
Percentage of patients on glucocorticoids.
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Immunosuppressive agents
Percentage of patients on immunosuppressive agents.
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Other immunosuppressive therapy
Percentage of patients on other immunosuppressive therapy.
Time frame: On the day of enrollment.
Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE)
Percentage of patients with death, or Q wave myocardial infarction, or unplanned myocardial ischemia-driven coronary revascularization (PCI or CABG), or unplanned myocardial ischemia-driven hospitalization.
Time frame: From the last coronary revascularization up to the day of enrollment.
Target vessel related major adverse cardiovascular events (TV-MACE)
Percentage of patients with cardiovascular death, or target vessel related Q wave myocardial infarction, or target vessel related unplanned myocardial ischemia-driven coronary revascularization (PCI or CABG), or target vessel related unplanned myocardial ischemia-driven hospitalization.
Time frame: From the last coronary revascularization up to the day of enrollment.
Hemoglobin
Test result of hemoglobin.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Red blood cell
Test result of red blood cell count.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
White blood cell
Test result of white blood cell count.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Platelet
Test result of platelet count
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Test result of ALT.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Test result of AST.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)
Test result of GGT.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Test result of ALP.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Test result of LDH.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Total bilirubin (T-Bil)
Test result of T-Bil.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Direct bilirubin (D-Bil)
Test result of D-Bil.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Albumin
Test result of Albumin
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Creatinine
Test result of creatinine.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Test result of BUN.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Test result of T3.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Thyroxine (T4)
Test result of T4.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Free triiodothyronine (FT3)
Test result of FT3.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Free thyroxine (FT4)
Test result of FT4.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Test result of TSH.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Total cholesterol (TC)
Test result of TC.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)
Test result of LDL-C.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)
Test result of HDL-C.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Triglyceride (TG)
Test result of TG.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Apolipoprotein A (ApoA)
Test result of ApoA.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Apolipoprotein B (ApoB)
Test result of ApoB.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Lipoprotein (a) (Lp[a])
Test result of Lp(a).
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Fasting blood glucose (FBG)
Test result of FBG.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c).
Test result of HbA1c.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Cardiac troponin I (cTnI)
Test result of cTnI.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB)
Test result of CK-MB.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Creatine kinase (CK)
Test result of CK.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Test result of BNP.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP).
Test result of NT-proBNP.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Lupus anticoagulant
Test result of lupus anticoagulant.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Antiphospholipid antibody
Test result of antiphospholipid antibody.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Anti-phosphatidylserine antibody
Test result of anti-phosphatidylserine antibody.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Anti-prothrombin antibody
Test result of anti-prothrombin antibody.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Protein S
Test result of Protein S.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Protein C
Test result of Protein C.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Activated protein C resistance (APC-R)
Test result of APC-R.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Anti-thrombin III
Test result of anti-thrombin III.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Maximum platelet aggregation (MPA)
Test result of MPA.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Anti-nuclear antibody (ANA)
Test result of ANA.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)
Test result of ANCA.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Anti-endothelial cell antibody (AECA)
Test result of AECA.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Rheumatoid factor (RF)
Test result of RF.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (Anti-CCP)
Test result of Anti-CCP.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Immunoglobulin
Test result of immunoglobulin.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Complement
Test result of complement.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Test result of ESR.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)
Test result of hs-CRP.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Interleukin (IL)-6
Test result of IL-6.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α.
Test result of TNF-α.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Pathological Q waves
Percentage of patients with pathological Q wave.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Dynamic ST-T changes
Percentage of patients with dynamic ST-T changes.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Segmental wall motion abnormality
Percentage of patients with segmental wall motion abnormality.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Left atrial diameter (LAD)
Measurement of LAD.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD)
Measurement of LVESD.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD)
Measurement of LVEDD.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)
Measurement of LVEF.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS)
Result of BVAS (version 3) assessment.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Walking distance in 6 minutes
Result of 6-minute walk test (6MWT).
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Number of squats in 1 minute
Result of 1-minute squatting test (1MST).
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Temporal artery stenosis
Percentage of patients with ≥ 50% diameter stenosis in either temporal artery on vascular ultrasound.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Carotid artery stenosis
Percentage of patients with ≥ 50% diameter stenosis in either carotid artery on vascular ultrasound.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Vertebral artery stenosis
Percentage of patients with ≥ 50% diameter stenosis in either vertebral artery on vascular ultrasound.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Subclavian artery stenosis
Percentage of patients with ≥ 50% diameter stenosis in either subclavian artery on vascular ultrasound.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Iliac artery stenosis
Percentage of patients with ≥ 50% diameter stenosis in either Iliac artery on vascular ultrasound.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Upper extremity artery stenosis
Percentage of patients with ≥ 50% diameter stenosis in either upper extremity artery on vascular ultrasound.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Lower extremity artery stenosis
Percentage of patients with ≥ 50% diameter stenosis in either lower extremity artery on vascular ultrasound.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Abdominal aorta stenosis
Percentage of patients with ≥ 50% diameter stenosis in abdominal aorta on vascular ultrasound.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Celiac trunk stenosis
Percentage of patients with ≥ 50% diameter stenosis in celiac trunk on vascular ultrasound.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Superior mesenteric artery stenosis
Percentage of patients with ≥ 50% diameter stenosis in superior mesenteric artery on vascular ultrasound.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Renal artery stenosis
Percentage of patients with ≥ 50% diameter stenosis in either renal artery on vascular ultrasound.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
SYNTAX score
Result of SYNTAX score assessment based on coronary angiogram.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Number of vessel segments with coronary lesions.
Number of vessel segments with ≥ 50% diameter stenosis on coronary angiogram.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Target lesion minimal lumen area (TL-MLA)
Measurement of the minimum lumen area of the target lesion on optical coherence tomography (OCT).
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
Target lesion percent area stenosis (TL-%AS)
Measurement of percent area stenosis (% AS) of target lesion = { \[ ( proximal RLA + distal RLA ) - (MLA × 2) \] / ( proximal RLA + distal RLA ) } × 100% in the cross-section with the MLA of the target lesion on optical coherence tomography (OCT). RLA = reference lumen area; MLA = minimum lumen area; % AS = percent area stenosis.
Time frame: From the index hospital admission up to 2 weeks of enrollment, but before the initiation of comprehensive treatment for patients with IR-CAD.
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