The overarching goal of the study is to examine the effects of a new Health and Wellness Curriculum (Pure Power) being implemented in the Ravenswood City School District in East Palo Alto. The Pure Power Curriculum, which the Sonima Foundation (Now Pure Edge Inc.,)developed, includes exercise based on yoga, common exercise regimes, relaxation techniques, mindfulness practices, and nutrition education, and was introduced in 2014 to the Ravenswood City Schools, independent of the research. The new curriculum was expected to yield dramatic positive effects on students' socio-emotional development, which the investigators aimed to examine through this study. This research evaluation measures the impact of the Pure Power Curriculum on the socioemotional, behavioral, cognitive, academic, and physiological functioning of students in a low-socioeconomic status (SES) school community over time by evaluating student development at three time points: baseline (i.e., prior to implementation of the curriculum), one-year follow-up, and two-year follow-up. Only third and fifth-grade students were eligible for enrollment at baseline. All data collection procedures were replicated with the control group.
Participants for the experimental group were recruited from the Ravenswood City School District. Trained instructors provided the Health and Wellness Curriculum at the Ravenswood City schools. Each school receiving the curriculum had a dedicated space and received a 30-minute class twice a week. Through group discussion, nutrition and character education, and breathing exercises, students received instruction to focus their attention, calm their minds, reduce stress, and think before reacting. Control subjects were recruited from Orchard School District, Alum Rock Union Elementary School District, and nearby community organizations/ after-school programs (like Boys and Girls Clubs) in the San Francisco Bay Area. The control group was recruited after the experimental group had finished baseline data collection. At three separate points over the course of three years, all consenting participants received academic and neurobehavioral assessments via paper questionnaires in the classroom. The research staff measured children's academic functioning abilities and moods, thoughts, and behavioral symptoms, which were employed as a control variable in the proposed analyses. This was accomplished by administering the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT IV), the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC-II), the Responses to Stress Questionnaire, and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). At Ravenswood, at least 100 students from the original 800-student sample were recruited for the cognitive (plus additional questionnaires), sleep, and endocrinology portions of the study. From this 100-student sub-sample, at least 30 students were recruited to participate in the neuroimaging component of the study. Cognitive abilities were assessed using the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children 2 (K-ABC II): all scales and subtests. During the cognitive testing portion of the study, participants also completed the reading section of the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT-IV) and the Trauma Symptoms Checklist for Children (TSCC). This project was the first systematic neuroscience study of skill-building in children via a multi-method assessment that includes structural MRI, functional MRI, salivary cortisol, and sleep architecture data. These are methods that have proven critical in the fundamental understanding of stress in children. The research will identify critical biopsychosocial components responsible for cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and academic improvement, effective implementation, and the sustainability of the program. Diurnal salivary cortisol was collected by parents using the Salimetrics Children's Swab for 2 consecutive days at five specific times: within 20 minutes of waking up, before breakfast, before lunch, before dinner and before bedtime. Results from these time periods will serve as an index of baseline cortisol rhythmicity. This process occurred a total of three times (once at each assessment time). fMRI: Children completed the Tanner stages form to assess their scale of physical development (puberty) and handedness form to determine if they are right or left-handed and the Domain-Specific Impulsivity Scale for Children (DSIS-C) questionnaire, which measures impulsivity traits in the domains of schoolwork and interpersonal relationships, to be used in concert with neuroimaging data. fMRI, DTI and sMRI data will be acquired on a 3T scanner with a state-of-the-art 32-channel parallel imaging coil. Children will perform up to four cognitive and emotional experiments during fMRI scanning: * A stop signal task investigated brain plasticity in systems associated with attention and cognitive control. * An emotional labeling task was used to examine brain plasticity in systems associated with emotion perception. Data for each experiment was acquired across 2 runs (except only 1 run for the emotional labeling task), each lasting 6 minutes, in order to minimize fatigue while providing adequate statistical power to detect effects of interest. This process will occur a total of three times (once at each assessment time). Participants will also complete a Delay Discounting Task outside of the MRI scanner. Two salivary cortisol samples were collected by researchers: one at the beginning of the scan and the other one after the scan. One salivary hormone sample was collected at the end of the scan. To assess sleep, researchers conducted the overnight ambulatory polysomnography (PSG) of sleep.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
1,176
The curriculum includes instructions, activities, and lessons on mindfulness, neurobiology, meditation, positive thinking, movement, and nutrition.
Mean Change in Response to Stress Questionnaire
The Response to Stress Questionnaire (RSQ) is comprised of a checklist of stressors that may be experienced during stressful situations. Following the checklist of stressors, a possible total of 57 questions ask individuals how they respond to stressors they recently experienced. Youth rate how often they cope with a stressor in a certain way on a 4-point Likert scale (ranging from 1, "Not at all," to 4, "A lot"). The RSQ is divided into two major subscales: School-Related Stress Experiences and Stress Reactivity. Stress Reactivity is further divided into two composite scores: involuntary engagement and primary control. To score the RSQ, proportion scores are created for each factor to control for individual differences in rates of endorsing items. Changes in scores will be assessed between all time points.
Time frame: Three time points: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months
Mean Change in School Achievement
School achievement was assessed with the Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised Spelling and Math scale score. The spelling subscale was a phonetic test that assessed the degree to which students could encode sounds into written words. The math computation subscale measured students' ability to identify numbers, count, and solve written computational problems. The scores are summed across the subscales and scaled according to the standardized score. A higher score reflects a higher performance. Changes in scores will be assessed between all time points.
Time frame: Three time points: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months
Mean Change in Emotional and Behavioral Dysregulation
Internalizing symptoms (i.e. anxiety and depression) and externalizing problems (i.e. attention and hyperactivity) were assessed via a self-report version of the Behavior Assessment System for Children, 2nd edition (BASC-II). For items 1-69, participants were asked to respond True or False to a series of statements about themselves. For items 70-176 participants were asked to respond Never, Sometimes, Often, or Almost Always to a series of statements about themselves. Responses were scored via the BASC-II formulas for subscale t-scores, percentiles, and validity scores. Changes in scores will be assessed between all time points.
Time frame: Three time points: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months
Change from Baseline of Diurnal Salivary Cortisol
Diurnal salivary cortisol were collected by parents using the Salimetrics Children's Swab for 2 consecutive days at five specific times. Results from these time periods will serve as an index of baseline cortisol rhythmicity. This process will occur a total of three times (once at each assessment time).
Time frame: Three time points: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months
Change from Baseline of Sleep Quality
Research staff employed the Compumedics Safiroambulatory Polysomnography monitoring system to assess sleep. This ambulatory device includes a cap and several electrodes, and records electroencephalogram (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), expiratory/inspiratory nasal airway pressure, nasal/oral airflow, finger pulse oximetry, electrocardiogram (ECG), movements of the rib cage and abdomen, snoring, body position and bilateral anterior tibialis EMG.
Time frame: Three time points: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months
Change from Baseline of Sleep Habits
Parents complete the abbreviated Child's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). Parents are asked to recall sleep behaviors occurring over a "typical" recent week. Items are rated on a three-point scale: "usually" if the sleep behavior occurred five to seven times/week; "sometimes" for two to four times/week; and "rarely" for zero to one time/week. Some items were reversed in order to consistently make a higher score indicative of more disturbed sleep. This process will occur a total of three times (once at each assessment time).
Time frame: Three time points: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months
Measure of Brain Plasticity for Attention and Cognitive Control
fMRI task: A stop signal task was used to investigate brain plasticity in systems associated with attention and cognitive control. In stop signal task, participants made button presses in response to left/right-pointing arrows and occasionally cancel their prepared responses. Data for each experiment will be acquired across 2 runs (except only 1 run for the emotional labeling task), each lasting 6 minutes, in order to minimize fatigue while providing adequate statistical power to detect effects of interest. This process will occur a total of three times (once at each assessment time).
Time frame: Three time points: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months
Measure of Brain Plasticity for Risk Taking and Risk Avoidance
fMRI task: A balloon analogue risk task (BART) will be used to investigate brain plasticity in systems associated with risk-taking and risk avoidance. In BART, participants choose between pumping a balloon or to cash out on each trial. Every successful pump adds to their reward on that trial. If the balloon explodes, the accumulated earning on that trial will be lost.
Time frame: Three time points: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months
Measure of Brain Plasticity for Emotion Perception
fMRI task: Participants will decide which of two facial expressions presented on the bottom of the screen match the facial expression at the top of the screen. The faces have either angry or fearful expression.
Time frame: Three time points: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months
Measure of Brain Plasticity for Emotional Control
fMRI task: Participants viewed 60 neutral and aversive images which are carefully selected for pediatric populations based on previous studies. When participants see the instructional cue "Look", participants naturally react to the picture. When participants see the cue "Decrease", participants tell themselves a story about the picture to feel less negative (i.e., to reappraise). Prior to the fMRI experiment, children will be given examples about how to reappraise (e.g., imagining it is just a scene from a movie) and asked to report the reappraisals aloud during training to ensure understanding of the instructions.
Time frame: Three time points: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months
Overall Cognitive Assessment
Cognitive abilities were assessed using the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children 2 (K-ABCII): all scales and subtests. Scores are summed across the subtests and higher scores reflect higher performance on each scale.
Time frame: Three time points: Baseline, 12 months, 24 months
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