During this project the effect of yeast bread and sourdough breads consumption on satiety, energy intake at subsequent meal and postprandial metabolic responses, will be investigated.
The primary aim of this study will be to evaluate the impact of an alternative starter culture that produces high levels of lactic acid on appetite regulation (subjective satiety and energy intake at the subsequent meal). The second aim will be to identify mechanistic parameters that may explain the observed effects, including glycaemic and insulin response, and gastric emptying rate. In addition, habitual physical activity levels, and mood and stress levels of the subjects will be evaluated as potential covariates of appetite regulation. It is hypothesized that: Sourdough breads fermented with the alternative starter culture that produce high concentrations of lactic acid will reduce glucose response via lower starch digestibility and/or slower gastric emptying rate. The reduced glycaemic response will lead to higher satiety and lower energy intake at the subsequent meal (more than 10%).
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
QUADRUPLE
Enrollment
47
Single administration of 150g wholemeal long-time processed bread with baker's yeast, with no lactic acid (control).
Single administration of 150g wholemeal long-time processed sourdough bread (with alternative lactic acid bacteria and yeast) high in lactic acid concentration.
KU Leuven/UZ Leuven
Leuven, Vlaams Brabant, Belgium
UZ Leuven
Leuven, Belgium
Appetite measurements
Appetite in response to test meal, will be measured using 100 millimeter (mm) Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), with 0 being the minimum value (not at all) and 100 being the maximum value (extremely). Measurements will be taken: before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, 210, 225, 240 minutes).
Time frame: During test day 1 (up to 4 hours)
Appetite measurements
Appetite in response to test meal, will be measured using 100 millimeter (mm) Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), with 0 being the minimum value (not at all) and 100 being the maximum value (extremely). Measurements will be taken: before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, 210, 225, 240 minutes).
Time frame: During test day 2 (up to 4 hours)
Food intake at subsequent meal
Weighted amounts of ad-libitum food offered minus the weighted leftovers
Time frame: During test day 1 (240 minutes after ingestion of breakfast)
Food intake at subsequent meal
Weighted amounts of ad-libitum food offered minus the weighted leftovers
Time frame: During test day 2 (240 minutes after ingestion of breakfast)
Glucose response
Blood glucose response will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 minutes)
Time frame: During test day 1 (up to 4 hours)
Glucose response
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Blood glucose response will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 minutes)
Time frame: During test day 2 (up to 4 hours)
Insulin response
Blood C-peptide (as indicator of insulin response) will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 minutes)
Time frame: During test day 1 (up to 4 hours)
Insulin response
Blood C-peptide (as indicator of insulin response) will be measured through blood samples collected via placed catheter before eating and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 minutes)
Time frame: During test day 2 (up to 4 hours)
Gastric emptying rate
Gastric emptying rate will be measured through 13C-octanoic acid breath samples collected before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, 210, 225, 240 minutes).
Time frame: During test day 1 (up to 4 hours)
Gastric emptying rate
Gastric emptying rate will be measured through 13C-octanoic acid breath samples collected before eating (i.e. 0 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, 210, 225, 240 minutes).
Time frame: During test day 2 (up to 4 hours)
Subjective stress ratings
Subjective stress, will be measured using 100 millimeter (mm) Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), with with 0 being the minimum value (not at all) and 100 being the maximum value (extremely). Measurements will be takem: before eating (i.e. -15 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 minutes).
Time frame: During test day 1 (up to 4 hours)
Subjective stress ratings
Subjective stress, will be measured using 100 millimeter (mm) Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), with with 0 being the minimum value (not at all) and 100 being the maximum value (extremely). Measurements will be takem: before eating (i.e. -15 minute) and at respective time points after completion of test meal (I.e. 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 minutes).
Time frame: During test day 2 (up to 4 hours)
Physical activity questionnaire
Questionnaire about habitual physical activity over the past 1 week. Subjects will have to report how many days per week and for how many minus they perform vigorous, moderate or relaxed physical activity.
Time frame: At the end of test day 1
Physical activity questionnaire
Questionnaire about habitual physical activity over the past 1 week. Subjects will have to report how many days per week and for how many minus they perform vigorous, moderate or relaxed physical activity.
Time frame: At the end of test day 2
Mood related questionnaires - The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS scale)
Mood related questionnaires over the past 1 week. Subjects will have to evaluate the extent they have felt certain feelings over the past week. Score will vary between 1 (Very slightly or not at all) to 5 (Extremely).
Time frame: At the end of test day 1
Mood related questionnaires - The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS scale)
Mood related questionnaires over the past 1 week. Subjects will have to evaluate the extent they have felt certain feelings over the past week. Score will vary between 1 (Very slightly or not at all) to 5 (Extremely).
Time frame: At the end of test day 2
Mood related questionnaires - Perceived Stress Scale - 10 items (PSS-10)
Mood related questionnaires over the past 1 week. Subjects will have to evaluate how ofter have felt certain feelings over the past week. Score will vary between 0 (Never) to 4 (Very often).
Time frame: At the end of test day 1
Mood related questionnaires - Perceived Stress Scale - 10 items (PSS-10)
Mood related questionnaires over the past 1 week. Subjects will have to evaluate how ofter have felt certain feelings over the past week. Score will vary between 0 (Never) to 4 (Very often).
Time frame: At the end of test day 2
Mood related questionnaires - Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales - 21 items (DASS-21)
Mood related questionnaires over the past 1 week. Subjects will have to evaluate es how much the statement applied to them over the last week. Score will vary between 0 (Did not apply to me at all) to 3 (Applied to me very much or most of the time).
Time frame: At the end of test day 1
Mood related questionnaires - Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales - 21 items (DASS-21)
Mood related questionnaires over the past 1 week. Subjects will have to evaluate es how much the statement applied to them over the last week. Score will vary between 0 (Did not apply to me at all) to 3 (Applied to me very much or most of the time).
Time frame: At the end of test day 2