Adelbelimab Combination Chemotherapy in Neoadjuvant Therapy for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck

Overview

This study explored the efficacy of adelbelimab (PD-L1 inhibitor) combined with chemotherapy in preoperative induction chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

According to the latest data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the new incidence of head and neck cancer in the world in 2022 will be among the top ten new incidences of cancer in the world. In the latest WHO classification of head and neck tumors, head and neck cancers include nasopharyngeal cancer, oral cavity cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, thyroid cancer, laryngeal cancer and other malignant tumors that occur in the head and neck, of which more than 90% are squamous cells cancer. Currently, the standard of care for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is surgical resection followed by risk-adapted adjuvant radiotherapy, with or without platinum-based chemotherapy, or definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy. With this aggressive combination therapy, the risk of recurrence, distant metastasis, and death remains high in patients with locally advanced human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative HNSCC. In terms of preoperative induction chemotherapy, clinical studies have shown that patients with tumor remission after preoperative induction chemotherapy have a higher survival rate and a lower risk of distant metastasis, but the postoperative pathological complete remission rate of the tumor is lower , it is difficult to be satisfactory. With the rise of tumor immunology, more and more immunotherapy methods are applied to the clinical treatment of tumors. Current immunotherapies come in many forms, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, co-stimulatory point agonists, antigen vaccines, oncolytic virus therapy, adoptive T cell transfer (ACT) and epidermal growth factor receptor ( Epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) targeted therapy. Among them, immune checkpoint inhibitors have been widely used in the clinical treatment of tumors, and the molecular mechanisms of immune checkpoints (immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICIs) are mainly such as programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Cellular antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is a co-inhibitory receptor expressed on the surface of T cells to negatively regulate T cell-mediated immune responses; however, tumor cells utilize these inhibitory molecules to induce tumor tolerance and T cell exhaustion. Therefore, ICIs such as anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, and anti-PD-L1 can attach to these co-inhibitory receptors to reactivate the immune response against tumor cells. In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, immune checkpoint inhibitors have been widely used clinically, among which PD-1 inhibitors are the most widely used. A clinical study (KEYNOTE-048) showed that pembrolizumab combined with chemotherapy can significantly improve the survival time of recurrent and metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. And this is also included in the first-line recommendation of the NCCN guidelines for the treatment of patients with recurrent and metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. In terms of preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, camrelizumab combined with chemotherapy neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced HNSCC showed high objective response rate and pathological response rate. PD-L1 and PD-L2 are two ligands of PD-1. Both tumor and immune cells can express PD-L1, and PD-L1 is a useful biomarker to predict the response to PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies in patients with different types of cancer. PD-L1 plays a role in inhibiting the cancer-immune cycle by binding to negative regulators of T cell activation such as PD-1 and B7.1. However, PD-L1 inhibitors are currently less used in clinical tumor treatment, mainly focusing on small cell lung cancer. Among them, adelbelimab is a human monoclonal antibody against programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), and its safety has been verified to some extent. In a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 clinical trial, the median follow-up time of the test group was 13.5 months and the placebo group was 12.8 months; the hazard ratio was 0.72 \[95% confidence interval 0.58-0.90\]; Compared with one-sided p=0.017), the median overall survival rate of the adelbelimab group was significantly improved (median 15.3 months \[95% CI 13.2-17.5\]) . In terms of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, only phase I clinical studies have confirmed the safety and tumor activity of PD-L1 inhibitors in treatment. On this basis, this study will further verify the efficacy of preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with resectable locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with PD-L1 inhibitors combined with chemotherapy.

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