The aim of this study is to describe the baseline demographic, clinical characteristics, and Healthcare Resource Use (HCRU) of adult (≥18 years) COVID-19 patients who have been prescribed nirmatrelvir, ritonavir treatment.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
250
single cohort
King Faisal Specialist Hospital & research center - Jeddah
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
King Abdulaziz Medical City
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Number of Participants Classified According to Education Level at Index Date
Education level classification: no formal education, primary school, secondary school, undergraduate university degree, master's degree and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) or doctorate. Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: At index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants Classified According to Employment Status at Index Date
Employment status classification: full-time employment, part-time employment, homemaker, retired, student, disabled/too ill to work, and unemployed. Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: At index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Height at Index Date
Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: At index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Weight at Index Date
Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: At index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Body Mass Index (BMI) at Index Date
BMI was calculated based on the reported weight and height in the unit of kilograms over squared meters (kg/m\^2). Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
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Time frame: At index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants Classified According to Smoking Status at Index Date
Smoking status classification: current smoker, former smoker and never smoker. Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: At index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants Who Had at Least 1 Pre-existing Comorbidity at Index Date
Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: At index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants Who Had at Least 1 Concomitant Medication for Comorbidities at Index Date
Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: At index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants With COVID-19 Infection During the Last 6 Months Prior to Index Date
Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: During 6 months prior to index date, information obtained at index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Duration Between Last COVID-19 Infection and Index Date
Duration (in months) between COVID-19 infection in last 6 months prior to index date and index date was reported in this outcome measure. Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: From 6 months prior to index date up to index date, information obtained at index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants Who Had Previously Received at Least 1 Dose of Any COVID-19 Vaccine
Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: Historic information obtained at index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants Classified According to the Type of COVID-19 Vaccine Received Previously
One participant could have received more than one type of vaccine. Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: Historic information obtained at index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Duration Between Previous COVID-19 Vaccination Date and Index Date
Duration (in months) between vaccination date and index date was calculated as (index date - date of first covid-19 vaccination date)/30.42. Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: From date of first COVID-19 vaccination to index date, information obtained at index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants Classified According to Total Number of Previous COVID-19 Vaccine Doses Taken
Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: Historic information obtained at index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants Classified According to Dose of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir Received at Index Date
Classification: 1) Nirmatrelvir at a dose of 300 milligrams (mg), as 2 split doses of 150 mg and Ritonavir at a dose of 100 mg; 2) Other: Nirmatrelvir at a dose of 150 mg, and Ritonavir at a dose of 100 mg. Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: At index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants Classified According to Frequency of Dosing of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) at Index Date
Classification: 1) Nirmatrelvir at a dose of 300 mg, as 2 split doses of 150 mg and Ritonavir at a dose of 100 mg; 2) Other: Nirmatrelvir at a dose of 150 mg, and Ritonavir at a dose of 100 mg. Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: At index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants Classified According to Dispensed Type of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) at Index Date
Classification of dispensed type: blister, box, tablets. Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: At index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants Classified According to Medications Used to Treat COVID-19 Infection at Index Date
Number of participants classified according to medications (apart from Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir \[PAXLOVIDTM\]) used to treat COVID-19 infection at index date were reported in this outcome measure. A participant may receive more than one medication to treat COVID-19 infection. Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: At index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants Who Were Hospitalized at Index Date
In this outcome measure those number of participants are reported who were prescribed Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) while they were hospitalized (related or non-related to COVID-19). Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: Information obtained at index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants Who Were Hospitalized Due to COVID-19 at Index Date
In this outcome measure those number of participants are reported who were prescribed Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) while they were hospitalized (related to COVID-19). Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: Information obtained at index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Length of Hospitalization Stay Due to COVID-19 at Index Date
Length of hospitalization stay was measured in days from day of hospitalization (related to COVID-19) till index date. Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: From day of hospitalization till index date, information obtained at index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants With Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Admission at Index Date
In this outcome measure those number of participants are reported who were admitted to ICU while they were prescribed Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM). Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: Information obtained at index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Length of ICU Stay Due to COVID-19 at Index Date
Length of ICU stay was measured in days from day of ICU admission till index date. Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: From day of ICU admission till index date, information obtained at index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants Who Were on Supplemental Oxygen Use at Index Date
In this outcome measure those number of participants are reported who were on supplemental oxygen use when they were prescribed Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM). Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: At index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants Who Were on Vasopressor Use at Index Date
In this outcome measure those number of participants are reported who were on vasopressor use when they were prescribed Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM). Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: At index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants With Intubation at Index Date
In this outcome measure those number of participants are reported who were intubated when they were prescribed Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM). Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: At index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants With Outpatient Visits at Index Date
Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: At index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants Who Had Emergency Room (ER) Visits Due to COVID-19 at Index Date
Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: At index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants Who Were Hospitalized During the 30-day Post-Index Period
Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: 30-day post index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants Who Were Hospitalized Due to COVID-19 During the 30-day Post-Index Period
Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: 30-day post index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Length of Hospitalization Stay Due to COVID-19 During the 30-day Post-Index Period
Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: 30-day post index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants With ICU Admission During the 30-day Post-Index Period
Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: 30-day post index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Length of ICU Stay Due to COVID-19 During the 30-day Post-Index Period
Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: 30-day post index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants Who Were on Supplemental Oxygen Use During the 30-day Post-Index Period
Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: 30-day post index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants Who Were on Vasopressor Use During the 30-day Post-Index Period
Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: 30-day post index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants With Intubation During the 30-day Post-Index Period
Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: 30-day post index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants Who Had Outpatient Visits During the 30-day Post-Index Period
Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: 30-day post index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants Who Had ER Visits Due to COVID-19 During the 30-day Post-Index Period
Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: 30-day post index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Number of Participants Classified According to COVID-19 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Antigen Test Results During the 30-day Post-Index Period
Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period).
Time frame: 30-day post index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study
Time to Negative COVID-19 Test During the 30-day Post-Index Period
Index date was defined as the date of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) treatment prescription, which could be any day between 1-Apr-2022 to 30-Jun-2023 (15-month look back period). Time to negative COVID-19 test was assessed from index date till participant tested negative for COVID-19 during 30 days post index period.
Time frame: 30-day post index date; retrospective data was evaluated during approximately 6 months of this study