Letermovir for the Prevention of CMV Infection in HSCT Recipients Based on the Outcome of mNGS

Overview

Letermovir for the Prevention of CMV Infection in HSCT Recipients Based on the Outcome of mNGS

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is widely used as the sole curative treatment for malignant hematological diseases. However, the chances of contracting various pathogenic bacterial infections significantly increase after transplantation, with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection being the most prevalent \[1\]. The propotion of CMV-seropositive people ranges from 30% to 97%. After a previous infection, CMV can remain latent in the patient's body and reactivate when the immune function is low, which is the primary cause of CMV infection in allo-HSCT patients, leading to CMV viremia and CMV disease. If CMV viremia progresses to CMV disease, it can invade various organs such as the lungs, digestive tract, retina, and brain, with CMV pneumonia having a mortality rate of over 80% \[2\]. After allo-HSCT, the incidence of CMV disease ranges from 60% to 70%, depending on the serological status of the donor and recipient \[3-4\]. In the past, antiviral drugs including ganciclovir, foscarnet, cidofovir, and valganciclovir/valacyclovir were commonly used to treat or prevent CMV infections in clinical practice. These drugs target on viral DNA polymerase, which in turn inhibits the replication of CMV DNA. However, these drugs have serious side effects, such as bone marrow suppression and severe nephrotoxicity, which limit their clinical application. Letermovir is the world's first and only new drug approved for the prevention of CMV infection. In 2017, it was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the prevention of CMV infection and disease in CMV-seropositive adult recipients (R+) of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). It was approved in China on December 31, 2021. Letermovir targets on the CMV DNA terminase complex consisting of pUL51, pUL56, and pUL89, which affects the formation of appropriate unit-length genomes and interferes with the maturation of virus particles. Therefore, due to its unique pharmacological mechanism, Letermovir does not affect the normal function of human cells, which can avoid the common side effects of other anti-CMV drugs, and it does not develop cross-resistance with other antiviral drugs. Letermovir does not affect the incidence and timing of hematopoietic stem cell implantation and is an effective and safe first-line drug for the prevention of CMV infection and disease after allo-HSCT. It is recommended for CMV-seropositive adult allo-HSCT recipients to use Letermovir for CMV prophylaxis from day 0 after transplantation, no later than day 28 after transplantation (can be used before implantation), and continue until day 100 after transplantation. The mNGS (metagenomic next-generation sequencing) detection method is a new high-throughput sequencing method for analyzing the microbiome in clinical samples, independent of traditional microbial cultivation. It involves extracting nucleic acid sequences from the samples, constructing sequencing libraries, sequencing the nucleic acid sequences in the sample, and comparing them to a microbial-specific database for analysis. Through intelligent algorithms, it identifies the species information of suspected pathogenic microorganisms with high sensitivity. The mNGS method can detect potential CMV infection in patients before having positive outcomes in qPCR detection of CMV-DNA, and has been used clinically. This study will evaluate the efficacy and safety of using letermovir to prevent CMV reactivation for high-risk patients with pre-existing CMV viremia based on the mNGS detection technology before HSCT.

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