The goal of this RCT is to address the feasibility of conducting a 12-week virtual pre-habilitation intervention, which includes exercise and education, in kidney transplant candidates. The intervention also includes a 5-month maintenance phase with independent home exercises (maximum of 8 months of intervention/ended early if the participant undergoes a kidney transplant). The main questions it aims to answer are: * estimate the proportion of screened patients who meet eligibility criteria * estimate the proportion of eligible patients who consent to randomization * estimate the proportion of patients who adhere to the interventions * estimate follow-up completion rates * inform the calculation of sample size requirements for a full-scale RCT * assess the acceptability of the intervention by the participants. Participants in the control group will receive usual outpatient care.
While waiting for kidney transplant, candidates face many challenges related to their physical health. These physical impairments are strongly associated with pre- and post-transplant mortality and morbidity. Pre-habilitation is the process of enhancing patient functional capacity prior to surgery with the objective of improving tolerance for the stressor. In the context of this protocol, pre-habilitation is referring to an exercise-based program with education prior to transplant. Pre-habilitation has been shown to contribute to a reduction of postoperative recovery time and quicker return to functional ability after thoracic and abdominal surgery. There is, however, limited evidence for the effects of pre-habilitation in kidney transplant candidates. The investigators are following up previous work conducted with a very small (n=8) pilot pre-post study on pre-habilitation (MUHC REB number = 2020-5951) specifically with kidney transplant candidates. The results were encouraging. The current multicenter pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) will address the following research question: is it feasible to conduct a full-scale multicenter RCT to assess the comparative effectiveness of a virtual home-based pre-habilitation versus usual care for kidney transplant candidates? The investigators' specific objectives are to: (1) estimate the proportion of screened patients who meet eligibility criteria, (2) estimate the proportion of eligible patients who consent to randomization, (3) estimate the proportion of patients who adhere to the interventions, (4) estimate follow-up completion rates, (5) inform the calculation of sample size requirements for a full-scale RCT and, (6) assess the acceptability of the intervention by the participants. The assessor-blind pilot RCT will be conducted in three hospitals in Canada: MUHC, CHUM and University of Alberta Hospital. Eligible subjects will be randomized 1:1 to receive either i) virtual home-based multimodal pre-habilitation plus usual outpatient care, or ii) usual outpatient care. Participants will be drawn from the transplant clinics at the 3 sites, and the investigators aim to recruit 30 participants (22 of which will be recruited from MUHC over 9 months). While some of the assessment appointments will be in person, the intervention is virtual so as not to burden the participants with extra hospital visits. The exercise portion of the study will include a 12-week virtual home-based supervised exercise program and a 5-month maintenance phase with independent home exercises (maximum of 8 months of intervention/ended early if the participant undergoes transplantation). Participants in the intervention group will also watch short educational videos about their kidney, assessment and waitlist, surgery and recovery, medication, and their new life after transplantation. Additionally, participants will be provided a document (PDF) of evidence-based strategies to help cope with stress. Patients in the control group will receive usual outpatient care. All participants in the control group will receive educational resources received by intervention group participants at trial completion. All participants will undergo a nutrition screening and will complete questionnaires regarding anxiety and depression. The corresponding transplant team will be notified should participants score 'abnormal' on these assessment tools. Additionally, all study participants will be asked questions regarding the following: whether they have had previous nutritional counselling or received any nutritional interventions, whether they have nutritional concerns/needs, whether they face any challenges in maintaining a balanced diet, whether they have had previous psychological counseling as part of the transplant assessment. This information will be collected as part of a needs assessment to inform inclusion of a nutritional and psychological interventions in subsequent trials.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
OTHER
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
30
* Exercise Intervention: 12-weeks of supervised, individualized virtual exercise sessions, delivered by an accredited kinesiologist. Independent unsupervised sessions start at week 5. After 12 weeks, a 5-month maintenance phase is followed, continuing to exercise three times weekly for 30 minutes per session. * Education: Prior to each zoom session with the kinesiologist (starting on week 2), participants will watch short educational videos. Additionally, participants will be provided a document (PDF) of evidence-based strategies to help cope with stress.
Usual Care for kidney transplant candidates, which may include medical visits, nutrition, and psychological support.
Centre de recherche - Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
RECRUITINGResearch Institute - McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC)
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
RECRUITINGProportion of screened patients who meet eligibility criteria
Data generated from this pilot RCT will inform the feasibility of a full-scale RCT by testing the study procedures; therefore, no inferential statistical analyses will be performed to compare groups. Socio-demographic, anthropometric and clinical data will be described using means and standard deviation or median and interquartile range for continuous variables and number and percentage for categorical variables. The variables will be presented at baseline, end of the 12 weeks (induction phase), at 6 months (during maintenance phase), at 8 months (end of maintenance phase) at 3-month post-transplant. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) will be used to report the feasibility and safety outcomes.
Time frame: at 12 months
Proportion of eligible patients who consent to randomization
Data generated from this pilot RCT will inform the feasibility of a full-scale RCT by testing the study procedures; therefore, no inferential statistical analyses will be performed to compare groups. Socio-demographic, anthropometric and clinical data will be described using means and standard deviation or median and interquartile range for continuous variables and number and percentage for categorical variables. The variables will be presented at baseline, end of the 12 weeks (induction phase), at 6 months (during maintenance phase), at 8 months (end of maintenance phase) at 3-month post-transplant. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) will be used to report the feasibility and safety outcomes.
Time frame: at 12 months
Proportion of patients who adhere to the interventions
Data generated from this pilot RCT will inform the feasibility of a full-scale RCT by testing the study procedures; therefore, no inferential statistical analyses will be performed to compare groups. Socio-demographic, anthropometric and clinical data will be described using means and standard deviation or median and interquartile range for continuous variables and number and percentage for categorical variables. The variables will be presented at baseline, end of the 12 weeks (induction phase), at 6 months (during maintenance phase), at 8 months (end of maintenance phase) at 3-month post-transplant. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) will be used to report the feasibility and safety outcomes.
Time frame: at 12 months
Rate of follow-up completion as assessed by number of randomized patients completing assessments pre- and post-induction phase.
Data generated from this pilot RCT will inform the feasibility of a full-scale RCT by testing the study procedures; therefore, no inferential statistical analyses will be performed to compare groups. Socio-demographic, anthropometric and clinical data will be described using means and standard deviation or median and interquartile range for continuous variables and number and percentage for categorical variables. The variables will be presented at baseline, end of the 12 weeks (induction phase), at 6 months (during maintenance phase), at 8 months (end of maintenance phase) at 3-month post-transplant. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) will be used to report the feasibility and safety outcomes. Completeness to follow-up will be compared between trial arms.
Time frame: at 12 months
Rate of change in frailty status as assessed by Fried's phenotype method
Frailty status as measured at the timepoints described below will use the Fried's phenotype method, identified by 3 or more of the following criteria. (please see each component outlined as its own outcome measure). 1. Weight loss 2. Weakness will be assessed using the handgrip strength test ith cut-off values provided by the Frailty index to determine weakness. 3. Exhaustion: 4. Slow gait: 5. Low physical activity: Scoring for the Fried Phenotype: Each indicator can have 0 or 1 as a score, resulting in a total of maximum 5 points, where 0 is being robust, 1-2 pre-frail, 3-4 frail and 5 very frail.
Time frame: At baseline, post-induction phase (12 weeks), at 6 months, at 8 months, at 3-month post-transplant
Rate of change in bodyweight obtained from electronic medical chart (contributing to frailty status score for Fried's phenotype method).
Weight loss (of \> 10 lbs over 6 months): obtained from the patient or chart.
Time frame: At baseline, post-induction phase (12 weeks), at 6 months, at 8 months, at 3-month post-transplant
Rate of change in handgrip strength as assessed by hand dynamometer (contributing to frailty status score for Fried's phenotype method).
Weakness will be assessed using the handgrip strength test (Jamar hydraulic hand Dynamometer). Patients will do six measurements (three times for each hand, with a rest break of 30 seconds between each). The highest measurement will be compared with cut-off values provided by the Frailty index to determine weakness.
Time frame: At baseline, post-induction phase (12 weeks), at 6 months, at 8 months, at 3-month post-transplant
Incidence of exhaustion as assessed by Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) (contributing to frailty status score for Fried's phenotype method).
Exhaustion will be measured by self-reported information based on two questions relating to feeling unusually tired and/or weak, taken from the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale.
Time frame: At baseline, post-induction phase (12 weeks), at 6 months, at 8 months, at 3-month post-transplant
This platform is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional.
Rate of change in gait speed as assessed by the 4-metre gait speed test (contributing to frailty status score for Fried's phenotype method).
Slow gait: the 4-meter gait speed test will be used to analyze walking time. Participants will be timed as they walk 4 metres at their usual walking pace.
Time frame: At baseline, post-induction phase (12 weeks), at 6 months, at 8 months, at 3-month post-transplant
Rate of change in low physical activity status as assessed by the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) questionnaire (contributing to frailty status score for Fried's phenotype method).
Low physical activity: energy expenditure weekly rate calculated using the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) questionnaire; its 7 items assess habits of volume and intensity of weekly exercise. The score will determine whether participants are active or under-active. The scale ranges from 1 (sedentary) to 7 (active). A score of 5 (under-active regular) or less qualifies as low physical activity.
Time frame: At baseline, post-induction phase (12 weeks), at 6 months, at 8 months, at 3-month post-transplant
Rate of change in lower-extremity function will be assessed using the short physical performance battery (SPPB).
The short physical performance battery (SPPB) includes 3 brief physical fitness tests contributing to an overall score demarcating level of frailty. The tests include a 4-metre usual pace walk, a five-repetition sit-to-stand test, and balance tests.
Time frame: At baseline, post-induction phase (12 weeks), at 6 months, at 8 months, at 3-month post-transplant
Rate of change in functional exercise capacity as assessed by the 6-minute walk test
Functional exercise capacity will be measured using the 6-minute walking test (6MWT), which uses the distance walked within 6 minutes in metres. The 6MWT has been shown to be a reliable and viable alternative to the gold standard test (cardiopulmonary exercise test) in individuals with chronic kidney disease.
Time frame: At baseline, post-induction phase (12 weeks), at 6 months, at 8 months, at 3-month post-transplant
Rate of change in Health Related Quality of Life scores as assessed by the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form Instrument (KDQOL-SF)
Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form Instrument (KDQOL-SF) is a self-report measure developed for individuals with kidney disease and those on dialysis. It includes both generic (36 items) and disease-specific (43 items) components for the assessment of HRQoL. Life Participation will be assessed using sub-scales of the KDQOL-SF questionnaire which include questions about personal relationships, work, and activities of daily living. The minimum and maximum scores vary by question, as does the scoring for those items. In some of the items, a higher numerical score (5/5) indicates a favourable health state, whereas the opposite is true for other items (1/5) indicates a more favourable health state. The scoring procedure for the KDQOL-SF transforms the numeric values into a 1-100 range, with higher transformed scores reflecting a better quality of life.
Time frame: At baseline, post-induction phase (12 weeks), at 6 months, at 8 months, at 3-month post-transplant
Changes in nutrition status as assessed by Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA)
Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) Scale Information: this is a patient-scored questionnaire in which participants will note changes in food intake, appetite changes, and activity levels. This scale ranges from 0 (no problems) to 36 (worst problem), with a higher score reflecting a greater risk for malnutrition. A score of 9 or above indicates a need for nutritional intervention.
Time frame: For those who receive a transplant within study period: baseline and 3-months post-transplant. For those who do not receive a transplant during study period: baseline and 8-months.
Rate of change in body composition as measured by Bioelectrical Impedance
Bioelectrical impedance will measure measure body composition through phase angle for participants from CHUM and MUHC (not UAH). Phase angle will be the measure used, representing the ratio of resistance to reactance, as an angle. This is part of the nutrition assessment/overall nutrition status.
Time frame: At baseline, post-induction phase (12 weeks), at 6 months, at 8 months, at 3-month post-transplant.
Concentration of serum phosphorus (mmol/L)
At the end of the study, biochemistry will be retrospectively obtained from the participant's medical chart for those occurring within 2 weeks of the scheduled assessment dates found below:
Time frame: At baseline, post-induction phase (12 weeks), at 6 months, at 8 months, at 3-month post-transplant.
Concentration of serum potassium (mmol/L)
At the end of the study, biochemistry will be retrospectively obtained from the participant's medical chart for those occurring within 2 weeks of the scheduled assessment dates found below:
Time frame: At baseline, post-induction phase (12 weeks), at 6 months, at 8 months, at 3-month post-transplant.
Percentage of serum A1C
At the end of the study, biochemistry will be retrospectively obtained from the participant's medical chart for those occurring within 2 weeks of the scheduled assessment dates found below:
Time frame: At baseline, post-induction phase (12 weeks), at 6 months, at 8 months, at 3-month post-transplant.
Incidence of anxiety as assessed by Generalized Anxiety Disorder Seven-Item Scale (GAD-7)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Seven-Item Scale (GAD-7): this is a 7-question self-report questionnaire completed by participants at the timepoints specified below, indicating the possibility of presence of anxiety. The GAD-7 ranges from 0 to 21, with a lower score indicating minimal anxiety, and a higher score indicating severe anxiety.
Time frame: At baseline, post-induction phase (12 weeks), at 6 months, at 8 months, at 3-month post-transplant.
Incidence of depression as assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8)
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8); this is an 8-question self-report questionnaire completed by participants at the timepoints specified below, indicating the possibility of presence of depression. The PHQ-8 ranges from 0 to 24, with a higher score indicating worse health outcomes. Specifically, a score of 3-6/6 for the first 2 questions indicates anxiety, and a score of 3-6/6 on the last 2 questions indicates depression. Higher scores indicate indicate increasing severity of anxiety or depression.
Time frame: At baseline, post-induction phase (12 weeks), at 6 months, at 8 months, at 3-month post-transplant.
Level of safety as assessed by number/severity of recorded adverse events related to the intervention
All adverse events will be recorded. Upon review by the investigator, adverse events will be categorized by "related to the intervention" or "unrelated to the intervention" and categorized into three categories: musculoskeletal (e.g., pain, fall), cardiovascular or kidney related. Adverse events will be graded in terms of severity (Grade 1: Mild; Grade 2: Moderate; Grade 3: Severe; Grade 4: Life-threatening; and Grade 5: Death).
Time frame: from recruitment to end of intervention
Trends identified in post-transplant recovery trajectory as sourced from electronic medical chart information
Information collected will include (1) intensive care unit length of stay, (2) hospital length of stay, (3) number of readmissions to hospital within 3 months after the surgery, (4) discharge destination, (5) allograft function.
Time frame: at 3-month post-transplant
Level of acceptability of the intervention as assessed by quantitative semantic differential scale
Acceptability of the intervention will be assessed in a subset of patients in the intervention group using both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data will include results from a semantic differential scale and from the closed-ended questions of a semi-structured telephone interview (see outcome measure 25). Based on the semantic differential scale, the intervention will be acceptable if a total score of a minimum of 16 is obtained.
Time frame: Post-induction phase (at 12-weeks), and at 8-months
Level of acceptability of the intervention as assessed by qualitative author-generated questionnaire
Acceptability of the intervention will be assessed in a subset of patients in the intervention group using both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data will include results from a semantic differential scale (see outcome measure 23) and from the closed-ended questions of a semi-structured author-generated telephone questionnaire (guided by previous usability/acceptability studies).
Time frame: at 8-months