The goal of this stepped-wedge cluster randomized control trial is to assess whether a Ugandan community-based intervention for young fathers (ages 18-25 years) of children ages 0-3 years impacts fathers' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors surrounding positive parenting practices, father-child interaction, harsh physical punishment of children, and intimate partner violence.
1. BACKGROUND. The prevalence of violence against women and children in Uganda takes a substantial toll on the overall health and welfare of families. Globally three in four children aged 2 to 4 years are exposed to harsh physical punishment. Child maltreatment not only inflicts immediate harm but also has long-lasting consequences on a child's physical and mental health, educational attainment, and overall development. One in four children under the age of five live with a mother who is a victim of intimate partner violence. Based on data from recent population surveys, 60% of Ugandan women reported having experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) at some point, while 45% reported experiencing IPV within the past year. These statistics underscore the urgent need for effective measures to address and mitigate the impact of such violence on the well-being of individuals and families in Uganda. 2. INTERVENTION. The Responsible, Engaged and Loving (REAL) Fathers Initiative is an evidence-based father-centered mentoring program designed to address social and gender norms that promote use of violence in child discipline and with intimate partners through promotion of positive parenting and partnership skills building. The REAL Fathers Initiative uses a 7-month mentoring program and a community poster campaign to model alternative strategies for nonviolent discipline and conflict resolution to improve fathers' parenting and communication skills and confidence in adapting nonviolent strategies. The project works with young fathers (ages 18-25) who have toddler-aged children (0-3 years) who are learning new roles as parents and husbands. This stage in a man's life is an ideal time to promote nonviolence in parenting and partner relationships as there is still ambiguity in the normative expectations about these roles and behaviors. 3. STUDY DESCRIPTION. This study will examine the impacts of a multilevel community-based intervention for young fathers and their families in Uganda on positive parenting, childhood development, and violence reduction. We will use a stepped-wedge cluster-randomized controlled trial design within 72 sub-counties randomly sampled from 24 districts in six regions of Uganda. Sub-counties are randomly allocated to treatment or control conditions at three successive time points from November 2023 to December 2025. Study participants are couple dyads (young fathers and their wives) ages 16-25 years with children ≤3 years (n=3,744 dyads). Quantitative longitudinal data will be collected via trained enumerators in six local languages on KoboCollect software. Intervention effects on primary and secondary outcomes will be assessed using difference-in-differences statistical approaches in mixed-effects models that account for the clustered stepped-wedge design.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
4,728
REAL Fathers is a multilevel norms-shifting intervention among: young fathers (ages 16-25 whose oldest child is under the age of 3); couple dyads (fathers and wives); mentoring dyads and groups; and communities. Respected men in the community are identified by participating young fathers, their partners and community members to become mentors. Mentors participate in a training and mentor young fathers through home and group sessions on conflict resolution, non-violent discipline, family planning, and couple communication. Mentoring is supplemented with a monthly poster campaign designed to reinforce messages from the home and group mentoring sessions and a community celebration. REAL Fathers aims to build positive partnerships and parenting practices among young fathers to: 1) reduce incidence of intimate partner violence; 2) reduce harsh physical punishment of children; 3) improve early childhood development; 4) decrease unmet need for family planning.
All Nations
Lira, Dokolo, Uganda
RECRUITINGForum for African Women Educationalists (FAWE) - Uganda Chapter
Mbarara, Isingiro, Uganda
RECRUITINGSomero Uganda
Kampala, Kayunga, Bugiri, Luweero, Uganda
RECRUITINGBantwana Initiatives Uganda
Kampala, Masindi, Kiryandongo and Katakwi, Uganda
RECRUITINGReduced Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration (IPV-P)
Proportion of young fathers and their wives reporting perpetrating physical, sexual, and/or emotional IPV in the past three months. Assessed via six measures: whether you shouted or yelled at your \[wife/husband\]; slapped your \[wife/husband\]; pushed or shoved your \[wife/husband\]; threw something at your \[wife/husband\] that could hurt \[her/him\]; physically forced your \[wife/husband\] to have sex with you when \[she/he\] did not want to; or insulted your \[wife/husband\]. Response options: never, once, a few times, many times, don't know/remember, refused.
Time frame: 1) Baseline to Wave 2 (Endline) = 8 months; and 2) Baseline to Wave 3 (Follow-Up) = 16 months
Reduced Intimate Partner Violence Victimization (IPV-V)
Proportion of young fathers and their wives reporting being a victim of physical, sexual, and/or emotional IPV in the past three months. Six measures include: whether your spouse shouted or yelled at you; slapped you; pushed or shoved you; threw something at you that could hurt you; physically forced you to have sex with you when you did not want to; or insulted you. Response options: never, once, a few times, many times, don't know/remember, refused.
Time frame: 1) Baseline to Wave 2 (Endline) = 8 months; and 2) Baseline to Wave 3 (Follow-Up) = 16 months
Reduced Unmet Need for Family Planning
Proportion of men and women with unmet need for healthy timing and spacing of children. Assessed via those who are fecund and sexually active but are not using any method of contraception, and report not wanting any more children or wanting to delay the next child for 2 or more years.
Time frame: 1) Baseline to Wave 2 (Endline) = 8 months; and 2) Baseline to Wave 3 (Follow-Up) = 16 months
Early Child Development (ECD) - CREDI
Scores on the short-form version of the Caregiver Reported Early Development Instruments (CREDI).
Time frame: 1) Baseline to Wave 2 (Endline) = 8 months; and 2) Baseline to Wave 3 (Follow-Up) = 16 months
Father engagement in child immunization
Proportion of fathers reporting that they took their child(ren) for rounds of immunization(s).
Time frame: 1) Baseline to Wave 2 (Endline) = 8 months; and 2) Baseline to Wave 3 (Follow-Up) = 16 months
Fathers' knowledge of positive parenting and discipline skills
Proportion of fathers who can correctly distinguish between positive and harsh parenting/ discipline. Item: There are various ways parents can use to positively disciple their children. Please tell me which of the following are positive ways parents can discipline their children. a) Taking a deep breath (calming yourself) when the child does something wrong before responding; b) Threaten to hit him/her; c) Tell your wife to take care of the child; d) Put him/her somewhere by him/herself; e) Redirect child's attention or behavior; f) Asking your wife for her advice or help; g) Shouting at him/her. Response options: True, False, Don't know, Refused
Time frame: 1) Baseline to Wave 2 (Endline) = 8 months; and 2) Baseline to Wave 3 (Follow-Up) = 16 months
Fathers' attitudes towards positive parenting and discipline
Proportion of fathers who hold positive attitudes for the use of non-violent parenting practices. Questions include: Stubborn children need to be hit to teach them right from wrong \[reverse-coded\].; A parent should never spank or hit a child.; Being violent with my child(ren) is not the only way to be an effective head of the family.; If a child is old enough to defy a parent, then he/she is old enough to be hit. \[reverse-coded\] Response options: strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, strongly disagree, don't know, refused.
Time frame: 1) Baseline to Wave 2 (Endline) = 8 months; and 2) Baseline to Wave 3 (Follow-Up) = 16 months
Father engagement at home
Proportion of young fathers who engage with household chores and caretaking activities in past three months. Items include: washed clothes; prepared food; bought food; played with your children at home; cooked or fixed food for your child; dressed or changed the clothes of the child; gave your child a bath; read books or looked at the pictures in books with the child; told stories to the child; sang songs with the child; took the child outside the home, compound, yard, or enclosure; spent time with the child naming, counting, and/or drawing things. Response options: never, rarely, once or twice a month, several times a week, every day, don't know/remember, refused.
Time frame: 1) Baseline to Wave 2 (Endline) = 8 months; and 2) Baseline to Wave 3 (Follow-Up) = 16 months
Couple communication and conflict resolution
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Proportion of young fathers reporting increased and improved communication with their wives. Questions include whether in the past month the young father: took time to listen to his wife's concerns; communicated with each other about things that frustrated you; talked about things that affect each other and the family; and asked questions and got feedback/input from each other before making final decisions; resolved conflicts/arguments amicably without physically hurting each other. Response options: yes, no, don't know, refused.
Time frame: 1) Baseline to Wave 2 (Endline) = 8 months; and 2) Baseline to Wave 3 (Follow-Up) = 16 months
Fathers' positive parenting and discipline behaviors
Proportion of fathers reporting use of positive parenting and discipline practices in the past three months. Questions include: whether the father said something nice about or praised the child; gave the child physical affection; went someplace or did something special with the child as a reward; showed or told the child that you love him/her. Discipline strategies include: taking away something the child liked; explaining why the child's behavior was wrong; redirecting (giving the child something else to do); asking the child to apologize. Response options include: never, once, a few times, many times, don't know/remember, refused.
Time frame: 1) Baseline to Wave 2 (Endline) = 8 months; and 2) Baseline to Wave 3 (Follow-Up) = 16 months
Reduced harsh violent discipline of children
Proportion of fathers reporting they used a form of harsh/violent discipline with their child in the past month. Items include: shook child; shouted, yelled at, or screamed at child; spanked, hit, or slapped child on the bottom with bare hand; hit child on the bottom or elsewhere on the body with something like a belt, stick, or other hard object; hit or slapped child on the face, head, or ear; hit or slapped child on the hand, arm, or leg; beat child up, that is, hit him/her over and over as hard as you could. Response options: never, once, a few times, many times, don't know/remember, refused.
Time frame: 1) Baseline to Wave 2 (Endline) = 8 months; and 2) Baseline to Wave 3 (Follow-Up) = 16 months
Supportive environments for father engagement and positive parenting
Proportion of fathers agreeing or strongly agreeing that their social networks approve of engaging with children and using positive parenting skills. Items include: Your closest friends will tease you if you help your wife with child care. \[reverse-coded\] ; Your father would admire you for telling stories to your child(ren).; You would be embarrassed if your mother saw your child(ren) misbehave and you did not discipline the child strongly. \[reverse-coded\]; Your friends think you should discipline your child(ren) with love.; Your respected community members will say you are not parenting your child well if - instead of beating your child - you try to explain to them their misbehavior. \[reverse-coded\] Response options: strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, strongly disagree, don't know, refused.
Time frame: 1) Baseline to Wave 2 (Endline) = 8 months; and 2) Baseline to Wave 3 (Follow-Up) = 16 months
Knowledge of where to access family planning method(s)
Proportion of fathers and their wives who know where to obtain a method of family planning.
Time frame: 1) Baseline to Wave 2 (Endline) = 8 months; and 2) Baseline to Wave 3 (Follow-Up) = 16 months