The goal of this observational registry study is to compare characteristics of gut and sputum microbiome and metabolome among COPD patients with significant smoking history, COPD patients without significant smoking history and healthy smoker. Additionally, the investigators investigate the difference of blood metabolites and peripheral blood mononuclear cells level among groups. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Are there significant difference in fecal or sputum microbiome and metabolome between COPD patients and healthy smoker? * Are there any distinct characteristics in microbiome and metabolome in COPD with COPD patients with significant smoking history, COPD patients without significant smoking history compared with healthy smoker? * Are there any difference in blood metabolites and peripheral blood mononuclear cells levels among patients with significant smoking history, COPD patients without significant smoking history and healthy smoker * Might distinct characteristics of microbiome and metabolites in COPD patients be related to worse clinical outcomes in COPD patients?
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
300
Shannon diversity index
the investigators will compare alpha diversity and community similarity among groups by using the Shannon diversity index.
Time frame: At enrollment
Simpson index
the investigators will compare alpha diversity and community similarity among groups by using the Simpson index.
Time frame: At enrollment
Principal component analysis
the investigators will compare beta diversity and community similarity among groups by using the principal component analysis.
Time frame: At enrollment
Microbiome composition by metagenomic analysis
The composition of microbiome will be presented as bar graph.
Time frame: At enrollment
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells level
the investigators will compare the Peripheral blood mononuclear cells level among groups
Time frame: At enrollment
Acetic acid level
the investigators will compare the acetic acid level among groups
Time frame: At enrollment
Propionic acid level
the investigators will compare the Propionic acid level among groups
Time frame: At enrollment
Isobutyric acid level
the investigators will compare the Isobutyric acid level among groups
Time frame: At enrollment
Butyric acid level
the investigators will compare the butyric acid level among groups
Time frame: At enrollment
Isovaleric acid level
the investigators will compare the Isovaleric acid level among groups
Time frame: At enrollment
Valeric acid level
the investigators will compare the valeric acid level among groups
Time frame: At enrollment
dimethylglycine level
the investigators will compare the dimethylglycine level among groups
Time frame: At enrollment
secondary bile acid level
the investigators will compare the secondary bile acid level among groups
Time frame: At enrollment
Difference of microbiome according to Exacerbation
the investigators will investigate the baseline difference of microbiome between COPD patients with moderate to severe exacerbation and COPD patients without moderate to severe exacerbation
Time frame: within 1 year after enrollment
Difference of metabolome according to Exacerbation
the investigators will investigate the baseline difference of metabolome between COPD patients with moderate to severe exacerbation and COPD patients without moderate to severe exacerbation
Time frame: within 1 year after enrollment
Difference of microbiome according to death
the investigators will investigate the baseline difference of microbiome between COPD patients with death and COPD patients without death
Time frame: within 1 year after enrollment
Difference of metabolome according to death
the investigators will investigate the baseline difference of metabolome between COPD patients with death and COPD patients without death
Time frame: within 1 year after enrollment
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