Primary Precutting Versus Conventional Over-the-Wire Sphinchterotomy For Managment Of Large Common Bile Duct Stones

Overview

During the last decades, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has become the standard of care for the treatment of many pancreaticobiliary diseases \[Canena et al., 2014\]. However, ERCP is a challenging technique with a slow learning curve and is associated with complications, some of them lifethreatening \[Chandrasekhara et al., 2017\]. Post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) is the most common and serious complication after ERCP \[Testoni et al., 2016\]. A systematic survey of prospective studies including 16,885 patients reported an incidence of PEP of approximately 3.5%. Severe pancreatitis was found in 11% of the cases, and death occurred in 3% of PEP cases \[Andriulli et al., 2007\]. Therefore, many attempts to reduce the rate of this complication have been pursued. Selective cannulation of the common bile duct (CBD) is still considered to be a prerequisite for biliary sphincterotomy. Despite the use of various endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) catheters and wire-guided sphincterotomes, CBD cannulation has been reported to fail in 5 % - 20 % of cases \[Larkin and Huibregtse, 2001\]. Precut sphincterotomy can allow access to the bile duct in such cases and is widely performed by expert endoscopists when there is a clear indication for endoscopic intervention. However, the use of precut sphincterotomy remains controversial because reported complication rates of the widely practiced needle-knife sphincterotomy (NKS) technique vary between 5 % and 20 % \[Shakoor and Geenen, 1992\]. Precut sphincterotomy, which includes needle-knife papillotomy (NKP), septotomy, and needle-knife fistulotomy (NKF), is often performed to facilitate access to the common bile duct of patients with difficult biliary access (DBA). Furthermore, NKF has been recommended as the preferred technique for precutting by the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy \[Testoni et al., 2016\] and the latest International Consensus\[Liao et al., 2017\]. The success of NKS also depends on the expertise of the endoscopist, and the consensus opinion is that this technique should only be performed by experienced endoscopists \[Baillie,1997 \]. In contrast to NKS, incision of the papilla of Vater using an Erlangen-type precut sphincterotome has been previously reported by Binmoeller et al group to be an effective and safe auxiliary method for achieving access to the CBD after failed cannulation attempts \[Binmoeller et al., 1996\]. The definition of DBA varied widely \[Mariani et al., 2016\]. The latest guidelines for the definition of DBA differed widely from the latest guideline of The European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (defining DBA as the presence of ≥1 of the following: \>5 contacts with the papilla while attempting to cannulate; \>5 minutes spent attempting to cannulate following visualization of the papilla; \>1 2 unintended pancreatic duct cannulation or opacification) \[Testoni et al., 2016\]. and the International Consensus Panel (defining DBA as the inability to achieve selective biliary cannulation by the standard ERCP technique within 10 minutes or up to 5 attempts or failure of access to the major papilla) \[Liao et al., 2017 \].