Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Obstructive Colon cancER First Treated by cOlostomy

Overview

The aim of this study is to determine whether chemotherapy prior to tumor removal (neoadjuvant chemotherapy), in patients undergoing treatment for colon cancer in occlusion (CCO), would improve the rate of patients able to benefit from "optimal" treatment, i.e. complete treatment (including all neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy cures). This new strategy, which would combine chemotherapy before surgery and possibly post-operatively (depending on tumor analysis), could improve the prognosis of occluded colon cancers by treating circulating micrometastases and/or inducing a reduction in tumor size, thereby increasing the rate of complete resection.

In France, for patients admitted for an obstructive colon cancer, surgery is the preferred strategy. Primary diverting stoma is associated with low morbidity, and low 30-day mortality. Primary diverting stoma is not a major surgical undertaken, is effective to relief bowel obstruction, enables optimization of the patient's condition, allows adequate oncological staging and secondary elective colectomy. This strategy is actually recommended by the French and European Guidelines in patients with left-sided obstructive colon cancer and may be an option in patients with right-sided obstructive colon cancer, especially in those at high risk of postoperative complications Urgent surgery for obstructive colon cancer is associated with increased risk of postoperative morbidity, mortality and permanent stoma rates as it is generally performed in elderly patients with poor medical condition or in patients with severe comorbidities. Moreover, obstructive colon cancers are diagnosed at locally advanced (T4) or metastatic stage and, at equal tumour stage, obstruction itself negatively impacts oncological outcomes in colon cancer patients. Among the several factors that may explain poor oncological outcomes of OCC, the absence of adjuvant chemotherapy may play an important role. Adjuvant chemotherapy is the standard of care for patients undergoing curative resection for a stage III CC. For those with MSS high-risk stage II CC, adjuvant treatment is still a matter of debate. However, in the particular setting of MSS stage II obstructing CC, adjuvant chemotherapy may improve oncological outcomes. Because of high postoperative morbidity and patients' medical conditions, up to 37% of OCC patients for whom adjuvant systemic chemotherapy is considered appropriate do not receive this treatment. It is our hypothesis that the initiation of chemotherapy before resection of the primary tumour in a perioperative setting in patients with non-metastatic OLCC and for whom the obstruction has been relieved by a colostomy may allow to treat a higher proportion of patients with a full curative therapeutic sequence (including resection and chemotherapy if needed). Randomized phase II-III trials have demonstrated the feasibility (tolerance, postoperative morbidity) and the efficacy (tumor downstaging, tumor downsizing, histological regression, higher R0 resection rate) of neoadjuvant FOLFOX or CAPOX chemotherapy in uncomplicated colon cancer with a trend towards an improvement of DFS. Data of these studies led the French Oncological Authorities to accept neoadjuvant chemotherapy in a perioperative setting as a therapeutic option in patients with locally advanced colon cancer (TNCD 21/01/2019, chapter 3, Cancer du colon non métastatique (p10): "Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy may be considered for locally advanced tumors deemed unresectable or at the limit of resectability (expert opinion)"; "it is possible to perform an upstream stoma before starting chemotherapy ("neo-adjuvant") and then a re-intervention aimed at exeresis (expert opinion). This treatment option should be discussed at the preoperative multidisciplinary consultation meeting if a T4 tumor is suspected during the preoperative workup." The authors concluded that neoadjuvant chemotherapy using FOLFOX was feasible and might be a treatment option for patients with obstructive colon cancer for whom the obstruction has been relieved by a definctioning stoma. Further large-scale studies are warranted to confirm the present findings. This is exactly what COnCERTO trial aims to determine. It is our hypothesis that the initiation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in a perioperative setting in patients with non-metastatic MSS/pMMR Obstructive Colon Cancer (OCC) and for whom the obstruction has been relieved by a stoma may improve the compliance of the treatment and thus may allow to increase the rate of patients receiving the full curative therapeutic sequence according to the guidelines defined as following: Resection of the primary tumor WITH: * Low-risk stage II: NO CHEMOTHERAPY * High-risk stage II: CHEMOTHERAPY AT INVESTIGATOR'S DISCRETION * Stage III pT1-T3N1: CAPOX (3 months) or FOLFOX (6 months) * Stage III pT4 and/or N2: FOLFOX (6 months) MSS High-risk stage II are defined as following: No microsatellite instability and presence of vascular emboli, perinervous or lymphatic invasion, poor differentiation, \<12 harvested lymph nodes, perforation). In addition, once OCC are known to have poor prognosis compared to their non-complicated counterparts, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (before resection of the primary) may improve prognosis of these patients by treating circulating micrometastases or by inducing tumor down-staging and thus improving the R0 resection rate. We thus designed a randomized phase III trial aiming to assess whether FOLFOX or CAPOX neoadjuvant chemotherapy in a perioperative setting may increase the rate of full curative therapeutic sequence in patients with MSS/pMMR OCC first treated by a defunctionning stoma (figure 5). Demonstrating the positive impact on complicance to the full curative therapic strategy of perioperative chemotherapy in patients with OCC treated by defunctioning stoma, may change medical practices at a national and international level and may lead to a new standard of care. OCC is a major public health issue with no improvement in prognosis during the past decade. By improving the compliance of treatment of patients with OCC, the present study will ensure public health and economic benefits