Tools such as surgical plethysmographic index, state entropy, train-of-four monitors exist to optimize the conduct of general anesthesia in intermediate and major risk surgery as defined by the 2022 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines on cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Although these monitors are available on anesthesia machines they are still under-used by teams due to lack of training, practice and a real understanding of their usefulness (operation, expected benefits). When used in conjunction with General Electric's AoA Carestation Insight software, these tools could have a real impact on morbidity and mortality at 28 days post-op. The aim of this prospective monocentric interventional "before/after" study is to assess the impact of training and encouraging teams to use these tools.
Recently, complex monitoring tools (nociception by surgical plethysmographic index monitoring, curare by train-of four monitoring, depth of anesthesia by state entropy monitoring) have been developed to optimize the conduct of general anesthesia in intermediate and major risk surgery (surgery defined by the 2022 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines on cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery). In practice, these monitors optimize nociception and the depth of anesthesia, "neither too strong nor too light". These monitors are currently available on our anesthesia machines and can be used routinely. However, these monitors are under-used by teams due to lack of training, practice and real understanding of their usefulness (operation, expected benefits). Excess nociception and depth of anesthesia are correlated with more postoperative complications, but no studies have ever shown that the combined use of these monitors (surgical plethysmographic index, state entropy, train-of-four) could significantly reduce postoperative morbidity and mortality in patients by optimizing the management of general anesthesia. Software (AoA Carestation insight, General Electric) connected to these monitors can : * automatically query the use of intraoperative monitors; * perform usage audits to monitor teams' adherence to their practices; * coach teams by encouraging them to perform anesthesia while maintaining surgical plethysmographic index (SPI), state entropy (SE) and train-of-four (TOF) values within the thresholds considered in the literature as being optimal for anesthesia (formalized expert recommendations from the SFAR (Société Francaise d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation). In a prospective monocentric interventional "before/after" study, the aim is to assess the impact of training and encouraging teams to use the AoA Carestation Insight software in conjunction with SPI, SE and TOF monitoring, on morbidity and mortality at 28 days post-op. The hypothesis is that training and encouraging teams ("quality improvement project") to use these intraoperative monitoring tools (SPI, TOF, SE) during general anesthesia for intermediate- or major-risk surgery could significantly reduce 28-day morbidity and mortality (composite criterion).
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
1,028
Staff training on the use of surgical plethysmographic index (SPI) state entropy (SE) and train-of-four (TOF) intraoperative monitors and AoA software.
CHU de NIMES
Nîmes, France
Occurrence of death after surgery in the control group
YES/NO
Time frame: Day 28
Occurrence of death after surgery in the experimental group
YES/NO
Time frame: Day 28
Occurence of acute myocardial infarction after surgery in the control group
YES/NO
Time frame: Day 28
Occurence of acute myocardial infarction after surgery in the experimental group
YES/NO
Time frame: Day 28
Occurence of arterial or venous thrombosis after surgery in the control group
YES/NO
Time frame: Day 28
Occurence of arterial or venous thrombosis after surgery in the experimental group
YES/NO
Time frame: Day 28
Occurence of a stroke after surgery in the control group
YES/NO
Time frame: Day 28
Occurence of a stroke after surgery in the experimental group
YES/NO
Time frame: Day 28
Postoperative cardiogenic shock (requiring diuretic, epinephrine or dobutamine infusion) in the control group
YES/NO
Time frame: Day 28
Postoperative cardiogenic shock (requiring diuretic, epinephrine or dobutamine infusion) in the experimental group
YES/NO
Time frame: Day 28
Severe acute hypotension (defined as mean arterial pressure < 50 mmHg) in the control group
YES/NO
Time frame: Day 28
Severe acute hypotension (defined as mean arterial pressure < 50 mmHg) in the experimental group
YES/NO
Time frame: Day 28
Cardiac arrhythmia (de novo atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation) in the control group
YES/NO
Time frame: Day 28
Cardiac arrhythmia (de novo atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation) in the experimental group
YES/NO
Time frame: Day 28
Postoperative episodes of sepsis and infections (according to the 2001 international definitions of sepsis) in the control group
YES/NO
Time frame: Day 28
Post-operative respiratory complications: defined as the need for intubation and/or non-invasive ventilation in the event of respiratory failure in the control group
YES/NO
Time frame: Day 28
Acute kidney injury in the control group: KDIGO criteria and renal replacement therapy. Baseline serum creatinine is obtained from the preoperative blood sample;
YES/NO
Time frame: Day 28
Acute kidney injury in the experimental group: KDIGO criteria and renal replacement therapy. Baseline serum creatinine is obtained from the preoperative blood sample;
YES/NO
Time frame: Day 28
Surgical complications in the control group: need for re-operation for any reason and radiological intervention for abscess drainage
YES/NO
Time frame: Day 28
Surgical complications in the experimental group: need for re-operation for any reason and radiological intervention for abscess drainage
YES/NO
Time frame: Day 28
Unplanned admission or readmission to the intensive care unit: control group
YES/NO
Time frame: Day 28
Unplanned admission or readmission to the intensive care unit: experimental group
YES/NO
Time frame: Day 28
Length of hospital stay : Control group
The length of stay in conventional hospitalization and in continuing care will be collected from the patient's record.
Time frame: Day 28
Length of hospital stay : Experimental group
The length of stay in conventional hospitalization and in continuing care will be collected from the patient's record.
Time frame: Day 28
Length of stay (hours) in the post-procedure care department : Control group
The length of stay in the post-procedure care department = discharge time - time of entry into the post-procedure care department will be recorded in hours.
Time frame: Day 28
Length of stay (hours) in the post-procedure care department : Experimental group
The length of stay in the post-procedure care department = discharge time - time of entry into the post-procedure care department will be recorded in hours.
Time frame: Day 28
Length of time in compliance with mean arterial pressure (MAP < 60 mm Hg) : Control group
The length of time in compliance with mean arterial pressure (MAP \< 60 mm Hg) measured during the intervention will be recorded on the intervention report.
Time frame: Day 28
Length of time in compliance with mean arterial pressure (MAP < 60 mm Hg) : Experimental group
The length of time in compliance with mean arterial pressure (MAP \< 60 mm Hg) measured during the intervention will be recorded on the intervention report.
Time frame: Day 28
Number of episodes of nausea/vomiting up to 12 hours after surgery: Control group
The cumulative number of episodes of nausea/vomiting up to 12 hours after surgery will be recorded based on the need to resort to an intravenous or oral anti-emetic up to 12 hours post-operative.
This platform is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional.
Time frame: 12 hours post-surgery
Number of episodes of nausea/vomiting up to 24 hours after surgery: Control group
The cumulative number of episodes of nausea/vomiting up to 24 hours after surgery will be recorded based on the need to resort to an intravenous or oral anti-emetic up to 24 hours post-operative.
Time frame: 24 hours post-surgery
Number of episodes of nausea/vomiting up to 48 hours after surgery: Control group
The cumulative number of episodes of nausea/vomiting up to 48 hours after surgery will be recorded based on the need to resort to an intravenous or oral anti-emetic up to 48 hours post-operative.
Time frame: 48 hours post-surgery
Number of episodes of nausea/vomiting up to 12 hours after surgery: Experimental group
The cumulative number of episodes of nausea/vomiting up to 12 hours after surgery will be recorded based on the need to resort to an intravenous or oral anti-emetic up to 12 hours post-operative.
Time frame: 12 hours post-surgery
Number of episodes of nausea/vomiting up to 24 hours after surgery: Experimental group
The cumulative number of episodes of nausea/vomiting up to 24 hours after surgery will be recorded based on the need to resort to an intravenous or oral anti-emetic up to 24 hours post-operative.
Time frame: 24 hours post-surgery
Number of episodes of nausea/vomiting up to 48 hours after surgery: Experimental group
The cumulative number of episodes of nausea/vomiting up to 48 hours after surgery will be recorded based on the need to resort to an intravenous or oral anti-emetic up to 48 hours post-operative.
Time frame: 48 hours post-surgery
Post-surgical pain at 6 hours as measured by the Control group
Pain intensity at rest and on mobilization will be measured on a visual analog scale (in which 0 = no pain and 10 = highest imaginable pain) every 6 hours, for up to 48 hours after surgery.
Time frame: At 6 hours post-surgery
Post-surgical pain at 6 hours as measured by the Experimental group
Pain intensity at rest and on mobilization will be measured on a visual analog scale (in which 0 = no pain and 10 = highest imaginable pain) every 6 hours, for up to 48 hours after surgery.
Time frame: At 6 hours post-surgery
Post-surgical pain at 12 hours as measured by the Control group
Pain intensity at rest and on mobilization will be measured on a visual analog scale (in which 0 = no pain and 10 = highest imaginable pain) every 6 hours, for up to 48 hours after surgery.
Time frame: At 12 hours post-surgery
Post-surgical pain at 12 hours as measured by the Experimental group
Pain intensity at rest and on mobilization will be measured on a visual analog scale (in which 0 = no pain and 10 = highest imaginable pain) every 6 hours, for up to 48 hours after surgery.
Time frame: At 12 hours post-surgery
Post-surgical pain at 18 hours as measured by the Control group
Pain intensity at rest and on mobilization will be measured on a visual analog scale (in which 0 = no pain and 10 = highest imaginable pain) every 6 hours, for up to 48 hours after surgery.
Time frame: At 18 hours post-surgery
Post-surgical pain at 18 hours as measured by the Experimental group
Pain intensity at rest and on mobilization will be measured on a visual analog scale (in which 0 = no pain and 10 = highest imaginable pain) every 6 hours, for up to 48 hours after surgery.
Time frame: At 18 hours post-surgery
Post-surgical pain at 24 hours as measured by the Control group
Pain intensity at rest and on mobilization will be measured on a visual analog scale (in which 0 = no pain and 10 = highest imaginable pain) every 6 hours, for up to 48 hours after surgery.
Time frame: At 24 hours post-surgery
Post-surgical pain at 24 hours as measured by the Experimental group
Pain intensity at rest and on mobilization will be measured on a visual analog scale (in which 0 = no pain and 10 = highest imaginable pain) every 6 hours, for up to 48 hours after surgery.
Time frame: At 24 hours post-surgery
Post-surgical pain at 30 hours as measured by the Control group
Pain intensity at rest and on mobilization will be measured on a visual analog scale (in which 0 = no pain and 10 = highest imaginable pain) every 6 hours, for up to 48 hours after surgery.
Time frame: At 30 hours post-surgery
Post-surgical pain at 30 hours as measured by the Experimental group
Pain intensity at rest and on mobilization will be measured on a visual analog scale (in which 0 = no pain and 10 = highest imaginable pain) every 6 hours, for up to 48 hours after surgery.
Time frame: At 30 hours post-surgery
Post-surgical pain at 36 hours as measured by the Control group
Pain intensity at rest and on mobilization will be measured on a visual analog scale (in which 0 = no pain and 10 = highest imaginable pain) every 6 hours, for up to 48 hours after surgery.
Time frame: At 36 hours post-surgery
Post-surgical pain at 36 hours as measured by the Experimental group
Pain intensity at rest and on mobilization will be measured on a visual analog scale (in which 0 = no pain and 10 = highest imaginable pain) every 6 hours, for up to 48 hours after surgery.
Time frame: At 36 hours post-surgery
Post-surgical pain at 42 hours as measured by the Control group
Pain intensity at rest and on mobilization will be measured on a visual analog scale (in which 0 = no pain and 10 = highest imaginable pain) every 6 hours, for up to 48 hours after surgery.
Time frame: At 42 hours post-surgery
Post-surgical pain at 42 hours as measured by the Experimental group
Pain intensity at rest and on mobilization will be measured on a visual analog scale (in which 0 = no pain and 10 = highest imaginable pain) every 6 hours, for up to 48 hours after surgery.
Time frame: At 42 hours post-surgery
Post-surgical pain at 48 hours as measured by the Control group
Pain intensity at rest and on mobilization will be measured on a visual analog scale (in which 0 = no pain and 10 = highest imaginable pain) every 6 hours, for up to 48 hours after surgery.
Time frame: At 48 hours post-surgery
Post-surgical pain at 48 hours as measured by the Experimental group
Pain intensity at rest and on mobilization will be measured on a visual analog scale (in which 0 = no pain and 10 = highest imaginable pain) every 6 hours, for up to 48 hours after surgery.
Time frame: At 48 hours post-surgery
Confusion : Control group
The number of episodes of confusion according to the Confusion Assessment Method, criterion 4 (disorientation) will be recorded.
Time frame: Postoperative Day 1
Confusion : Control group
The number of episodes of confusion according to the Confusion Assessment Method, criterion 4 (disorientation) will be recorded.
Time frame: Postoperative Day 2
Confusion : Experimental group
The number of episodes of confusion according to the Confusion Assessment Method, criterion 4 (disorientation) will be recorded.
Time frame: Postoperative Day 1
Confusion : Experimental group
The number of episodes of confusion according to the Confusion Assessment Method, criterion 4 (disorientation) will be recorded.
Time frame: Postoperative Day 2
Surgical plethysmographic index : time within the defined thresholds: Control group
The time during which the surgical plethysmographic index is within the defined thresholds (intraoperatively after anesthetic induction): will be collected at the end of surgery (SPI between 20 and 50)
Time frame: Day 0 immediately after surgery
Surgical plethysmographic index : Time within the defined thresholds: Experimental group
The time during which the surgical plethysmographic index is within the defined thresholds (intraoperatively after anesthetic induction): will be collected at the end of surgery (SPI between 20 and 50)
Time frame: Day 0 immediately after surgery
Train-of-four: Time within the defined thresholds: Control group
The time during which the train-of-four parameters are within their defined thresholds (intraoperatively after anesthetic induction): TOF \> 90% will be collected at the end of surgery
Time frame: Day 0 immediately after surgery
Train-of-four: Time within the defined thresholds: Experimental group
The time during which the train-of-four parameters are within their defined thresholds (intraoperatively after anesthetic induction): TOF \> 90% will be collected at the end of surgery
Time frame: Day 0 immediately after surgery
State entropy: time within the defined thresholds: Control group
The time during which state entropy is within the defined thresholds (intraoperatively after anesthetic induction) will be collected at the end of surgery (SE between 40 and 60)
Time frame: Day 0 immediately after surgery
State entropy: Time within the defined thresholds: Experimental group
The time during which state entropy is within the defined thresholds (intraoperatively after anesthetic induction) will be collected at the end of surgery (SE between 40 and 60)
Time frame: Day 0 immediately after surgery
Mean arterial pressure: Time within the defined thresholds: Control group
The time during which the mean arterial pressure is within the defined thresholds (intraoperatively after anesthetic induction) i.e. MAP \> 60 mmHg will be collected at the end of surgery
Time frame: Day 0 immediately after surgery
Mean arterial pressure: Time within the defined thresholds: Experimental group
The time during which the mean arterial pressure is within the defined thresholds (intraoperatively after anesthetic induction) i.e. MAP \> 60 mmHg will be collected at the end of surgery
Time frame: Day 0 immediately after surgery
Monitor use in the Control group
Monitor use will be defined as the prevalence (in %) of patients with simultaneous placement of SE, SPI and NMT sensors for more than 90% of the total duration of general anesthesia.
Time frame: Day 0 immediately after surgery
Monitor use in the Experimental group
Monitor use will be defined as the prevalence (in %) of patients with simultaneous placement of SE, SPI and NMT sensors for more than 90% of the total duration of general anesthesia.
Time frame: Day 0 immediately after surgery
Compliance with intraoperative therapeutic targets in the Control group
Compliance with intraoperative therapeutic targets will be defined as the prevalence (in %) of patients presenting the following triad: A SE between 40-60 more than 70% of the time of the maintenance phase of general anesthesia and an SPI between 20-50 more than 70% of the time of the maintenance phase of general anesthesia and TOF \> 90% at extubation. These parameters will also be assessed individually.
Time frame: Day 0 after surgery
Compliance with intraoperative therapeutic targets in the Experimental group
Compliance with intraoperative therapeutic targets will be defined as the prevalence (in %) of patients presenting the following triad: A SE between 40-60 more than 70% of the time of the maintenance phase of general anesthesia and an SPI between 20-50 more than 70% of the time of the maintenance phase of general anesthesia and TOF \> 90% at extubation. These parameters will also be assessed individually.
Time frame: Day 0 after surgery
Participation rates: state registered anesthetic nurses
Participation will be defined as the presence/viewing of at least one teaching from among video (\<90% video viewing) and/or anesthesia staff (paper sign-in sheet) and/or bibliography (paper sign-in sheet) and/or in situ training (paper sign-in sheet) : The overall participation rate and participation rates per learner class will be recorded.
Time frame: Day 28
Participation rates: anesthesiologist-resuscitation doctors
Participation will be defined as the presence/viewing of at least one teaching from among video (\<90% video viewing) and/or anesthesia staff (paper sign-in sheet) and/or bibliography (paper sign-in sheet) and/or in situ training (paper sign-in sheet) : The overall participation rate and participation rates per learner class will be recorded.
Time frame: Day 28
Participation rates: interns
Participation will be defined as the presence/viewing of at least one teaching from among video (\<90% video viewing) and/or anesthesia staff (paper sign-in sheet) and/or bibliography (paper sign-in sheet) and/or in situ training (paper sign-in sheet) : The overall participation rate and participation rates per learner class will be recorded.
Time frame: Day 28
Overall participation rates: state registered anesthetic nurses, anesthesiologist-resuscitation doctors and interns
Participation will be defined as the presence/viewing of at least one teaching from among video (\<90% video viewing) and/or anesthesia staff (paper sign-in sheet) and/or bibliography (paper sign-in sheet) and/or in situ training (paper sign-in sheet) : An overall participation rate for all participants, whatever their learner class, will be recorded.
Time frame: Day 28
Overall satisfaction rate
The overall satisfaction rate will be measured on a Likert scale in which 0 = very dissatisfied and 10 = very satisfied.
Time frame: Day 28