The DANCEREX Proof-of-Concept Study for Chronic Neurological Disorders

Change in global cognitive functioning and subdomains measured by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA; Conti et al., 2015)

MoCA is a screening test for global cognitive functioning. It includes tasks involving several domains: visuospatial/executive function tests, naming, selective and sustained attention, language, abstraction, memory and orientation. High scores are indicative of better general cognitive performance.

Time frame: Baseline, post-treatment (up to 12 weeks) and follow-up (up to 6 months from the baseline)

Change in visuoperceptual and attentional abilities measured by Trail Making Test (TMT part-A and part-B; Giovagnoli et al., 1996)

TMT is a neuropsychological test that involves visual scanning (TMT-A) and dual-task (TMT-B). The TMT is scored by how long it takes to complete each part of the test. High execution times indicate poor performance.

Time frame: Baseline, post-treatment (up to 12 weeks) and follow-up (up to 6 months from the baseline)

Change in visuoperceptual and attentional abilities measured by Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT; Smith A., 1973; Nocentini U., 2006)

This paper-pencil measure involves a substitution task using a coding key with nine different abstract symbols, each paired with a numeral. Below the key, a series of these symbols is presented, and the participant is asked to say the corresponding number for each symbol. The score consists of the number of correct substitutions within 90 seconds. Higher scores indicate better performance.

Time frame: Baseline, post-treatment (up to 12 weeks) and follow-up (up to 6 months from the baseline)

Change in executive functions, including visual attention and inhibitory control of behavior measured by Stroop Test (Caffarra et al., 2002)

The test consists of three consecutive parts that the subject must perform as quickly and accurately as possible: 1) read a list of color names on a sheet; 2) say the names of the colors of some colored spots on the sheet; 3) name the color of the ink with which the names of the colors were written. Two scores are calculated by summing the number of errors made and the time taken to complete all parts. High execution times and the number of errors indicate poor performance.

Time frame: Baseline, post-treatment (up to 12 weeks) and follow-up (up to 6 months from the baseline)

Change in Verbal and semantic fluency measured by The Verbal Fluency and Semantic Tests (Carlesimo et al., 1996; Novelli et al., 1986).

The Verbal Fluency and Semantic Tests are neuropsychological tests to evaluate language skills and executive functions - lexical store size, lexicon access ability, and lexical organization. The verbal fluency test requires the participant to say all words starting with a certain letter in one minute. The test comprises three letters and the score is given by the number of correct words. The semantic fluency test requires participants to say all words of a semantic category in one minute. The test includes three semantic categories and the score is given by the amount of words. Higher scores are indicative of better performance.

Time frame: Baseline, post-treatment (up to 12 weeks) and follow-up (up to 6 months from the baseline)

Change in long term visual memory measured by Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) (Frasson et al., 2011)

FCSRT is a visual memory test that maximises encoding specificity. It assesses learning (immediate recall) and visual long-term (delayed recall) memory of visual stimuli. The administration is divided into three phases: 1) Encoding phase: naming of stimuli (three boards with four coloured stimuli each) and verification of encoding with cue; 2) Immediate recall phase: free immediate recall + recall with a cue for not recalled stimuli (this sequence is repeated three times with interference task between trials); 3) deferred recall phase (after 30 minutes of non-verbal tasks): free deferred recall + recall with a cue for not recalled stimuli. Six scores can be obtained: Immediate Free Recall (spontaneous recall in the three trials; range 0-36); Immediate Total Recall (total recall in the three trials - range 0-36); Delayed-Free Recall (range 0-12); Delayed Total Recall (range 0-12); Index of Sensitivity of Cueing (ISC) and Number of intrusions. Higher scores indicate better performance.

Time frame: Baseline, post-treatment (up to 12 weeks) and follow-up (up to 6 months from the baseline)

Change in long term verbal memory measured by 15-Words of Rey (Carlesimo et al., 1995)

15-Words of Rey is a test for the assessment of learning and verbal long-term memory of new information. The test is divided into 3 parts: 1\] 15 words are read to the subject. 2) immediate recall: at the end of the reading, the patient is asked to repeat as many words as possible in any order. This procedure is used with the same word list five consecutive times. 3) Delayed recall: after an interval of 15 minutes, during which visuospatial tests are performed, the patient is asked to remember as many words as possible from the list. Two scores can be obtained: Immediate Recall given by the sum of spontaneous recall in the the five trials (range 0-75) and Delayed Recall given by free deferred recall (range 0-15). Higher scores indicate better performance.

Time frame: Baseline, post-treatment (up to 12 weeks) and follow-up (up to 6 months from the baseline)

Change in Static and dynamic balance measured by Mini-Best Test (Franchignoni et al., 2010)

The Mini-BESTest aims to identify the disordered systems underlying the postural control responsible for poor functional balance. This tool is composed by 27 tasks (36 items in total) assessing bio-mechanical constraints, stability limits/verticality, anticipatory responses, postural responses, sensory orientation, and stability in gait. Each item is scored based on ordinal scale scoring from 0- 3 where 3 = best performances and 0 = worst performances. The total score is provided as a percentage. Higher scores are indicative of better performance.

Time frame: Baseline, post-treatment (up to 12 weeks) and follow-up (up to 6 months from the baseline)

Change in Aerobic Capacity and Gait measured by 6' Minute Walking Test (6MWT)

6' Minute Walking Test (6MWT) is has been validated as a general indicator of overall physical performance and mobility for older people (Duncan et al 1993, Harad et al 1999). The total distance walked is measured.

Time frame: Baseline, post-treatment (up to 12 weeks) and follow-up (up to 6 months from the baseline)

Changes in affect measured by Positive-Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson et al, 1988)

The PANAS is a self-report questionnaire. The list is split up into two segments, or mood scales. One scale measures a person's positive emotion and the other scale measures the negative. Each segment has ten terms, which can be rated on a scale of 1 to 5 to indicate the extent to which the respondent agrees that this applies to him. The final score of the PANAS Scale / Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) test is the sum of the 10 terms on the positive scale and the sum of the 10 terms on the negative scale. The value assigned is positive for answers on the positive scale and negative for answers on the negative scale.

Time frame: Baseline, post-treatment (up to 12 weeks) and follow-up (up to 6 months from the baseline)

Changes in Activation level of Patients measured by Patient Activation Measure 13 (PAM13; Hibbard et al., 2004)

PAM13 is a 13-item scale that assesses a person's underlying knowledge, skills and confidence integral to managing his or her health and healthcare. PAM13 total score ranging from 0 to 100. Higher values represent a better outcome. Specifically, individuals in the lowest activation level do not yet understand the importance of their role in managing their health and have significant knowledge gaps and limited self-management skills. Individuals in the highest activation level are proactive with their health, have developed strong self- management skills, and are resilient in times of stress or change.

Time frame: Baseline, post-treatment (up to 12 weeks) and follow-up (up to 6 months from the baseline)

Changes in patient's self-rated health measured by EuroQol five dimensions (5D) and five levels (5L) (The EuroQol Group, 1990; Janssen et al.,2013)

EQ-5D-5L is a measure of health status that consists of the EQ-5D descriptive system and of the EQ visual analogue scale (EQ VAS). The descriptive system comprises five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has 5 levels: no problems, slight problems, moderate problems, severe problems, and extreme problems. A total of 3125 possible health states are defined, ranging from 1111 (no problems in all dimensions) to 5555 (extreme problems in all dimensions). The EQ VAS records the patient's self-rated health on a vertical visual analogue scale, where the endpoints are labeled 'The best health you can imagine' (scored as "100") and 'The worst health you can imagine' (scored as "0").

Time frame: Baseline, post-treatment (up to 12 weeks) and follow-up (up to 6 months from the baseline)

Changes in patient's self-rated health status measured by Short Form Health Survey 36 (SF36; Ware, 2000)

SF-36 is a short scale on health status, consisting of 36 questions subdivided into eight scales: Physical Function, Physical Role, Body Pain, General Health, Vitality, Social Function, Emotional Role and Mental Health. Each scale is transformed into a 0-100 scale on the assumption that each question carries equal weight. A lower score indicates more disability.

Time frame: Baseline, post-treatment (up to 12 weeks) and follow-up (up to 6 months from the baseline)

Changes in patient's fatigue measured by Modified Fatigue Index Scale (MFIS; Kos et al., 2006)

MFIS consists of 21 items on 5 points Likert scale (from 0 never to 4 always) to assess the physical, cognitive and psychosocial components of fatigue. Higher scores indicate a greater impact of fatigue on a person's activities.

Time frame: Baseline, post-treatment (up to 12 weeks) and follow-up (up to 6 months from the baseline)

Changes in depressive symptoms measured by Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care (BDI-PC, Steer et al., 1999)

The BDI-PC is a 7-item questionnaire with each item rated on a 4-point scale (0-3). It is scored by summing ratings for each item (range 0-21). Higher scores indicate greater deflection of mood tone.

Time frame: Baseline, post-treatment (up to 12 weeks) and follow-up (up to 6 months from the baseline)

Changes in anxiety level measured by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - Form Y (STAI - Y; Spielberger, 1983; Pedrabissi & Santinello, 1989)

The STAI-Y is a commonly used measure of trait and state anxiety (20 items for each). All items are rated on a 4-point scale (from "Almost Never" to "Almost Always"). STAI is scored by summing ratings for each item (State-Anxiety: range 0-80; Trait Anxiety: range 0-80). Higher scores indicate greater anxiety.

Time frame: Baseline, post-treatment (up to 12 weeks) and follow-up (up to 6 months from the baseline)