The aim of this randomized pilot clinical trial of preterm infants requiring noninvasive respiratory support for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) at birth is to improve short-term respiratory outcomes. The main question it aims to answer is: * Can a CPAP (or a PEEP if ventilation is needed) administered with a face mask and a T-piece at a level of 8 cmH2O improve lung recruitment in the delivery room when compared to administration of a level of 5 cmH2O in a control group? * Secondly, can improved lung recruitment in the first few minutes of life provide long-term benefits to the premature infant? The participants will be premature infants between 26 and 29+6 weeks gestational age.
BACKGROUND: It has been widely demonstrated that noninvasive respiratory support (NIV) used in the delivery room can reduce the incidence of pulmonary bronchodysplasia (BPD) and death in very preterm infants weighting less than 1500 g. In this population, the use of CPAP immediately after birth during the respiratory stabilization in the delivery room has been shown to promote respiratory transition and promote the achievement of an initial adequate functional residual capacity (CFR). To date, various forms of delivery of additional pressures in the first minutes of life are being studied such as positive pressure ventilation (PPV), sustained inflation (SI), ventilation with dynamic increasing and decreasing levels of CPAP. However, there is no consensus on which pressure is the best and safest to apply and its optimal duration. This monocentric pilot study aims to verify in preterm infants (26-29+6 weeks EG) the feasibility, efficacy and safety of using two different levels of CPAP (5 vs 8 cmH2O - both of which are contemplated in international guidelines for the management of the premature infant) in the delivery room; it will also test the accuracy and usefulness of the data that can be recorded with an RFM as indices of oxygenation, spontaneous ventilation and therefore of early lung recruitment. The investigators hypothesize that a higher CPAP level (8 cmH2O) for the first 15 minutes of life may lead to faster and more effective lung recruitment. Statistical calculation The investigators use, as an index of early lung recruitment and as the primary outcome of the study, the SpO2/FiO2 (S/F) ratio as reported in the literature. The investigators calculated that the mean of this value at the end of the early phase of lung recruitment in the delivery room, in an historical local population of premature infants is 271+/-140. Wanting to improve this ratio, and thinking that it is possible to bring it to an average value of 316, (this goal can be achieved by reducing the need for Oxygen in the DR by about 0.05), it was calculated that with alpha=0.05 and beta=0.20 (study power of 80%), the number of patients to be enrolled is equal to 152 infants for each of the two main arms of the study. Given the large size of the sample, for which the involvement of numerous Level III neonatology centers, the investigators considered appropriate to undertake a pilot study to verify its feasibility, enrollment time, costs and moreover to assess and verify proper monitoring with a respiratory Function Monitor (RFM) and the possibility to improve the assessment of primary and secondary outcomes in the final large-scale designed study. To calculate the sample size of the pilot study, the investigators applied the method of calculation described and published by Cocks T. et al in 2013, considering an upper confidence limit of 90%. It was calculated an enrollment of a total of 56 infants (18% of the main study's sample size), or 28 infants for each of the two arms of the study. In the investigator's Neonatologic Center a maximum of 20 patients per year could realistically be enrolled. It was therefore necessary to involve other centers in this study that had equally the ability and experience in using this equipments in the delivery room. A Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Canada, which had initially given willingness to participate in the study was later on stopped because of the occurrence of the covid pandemic. Other centers may be involved at a later date for the main study.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
56
Set static CPAP or PEEP pressure level at 8 cmH2O
Set static CPAP or PEEP pressure level at 5 cmH2O
Ospedale dei Bambini Vittore Buzzi
Milan, Lombardy, Italy
RECRUITINGOxygen saturation/Inspired Oxygen fraction (SpO2/FiO2)
Oxygen saturation / Inspired Oxygen fraction ratio
Time frame: From randomization assessed every minute up to 15 minutes of life
Exhaled tidal volumes (Vte)
Exhaled tidal volumes
Time frame: From randomization assessed every minute up to 15 minutes of life
HR
Heart rate
Time frame: From randomization assessed every minute up to 15 minutes of life
SpO2
Oxygen peripheral saturation
Time frame: From randomization assessed every minute up to 15 minutes of life
PPV
Need for positive pressure ventilation
Time frame: From randomization up to 15 minutes of life
ET
occurrence of Endotracheal intubation in the delivery room
Time frame: From randomization up to 15 minutes of life
MV
Need for Mechanical ventilation
Time frame: From randomization up to 72 hours of life
Surf
Need for Surfactant administration
Time frame: From randomization up to 72 hours of life
PNX
occurrence of Pneumothorax
Time frame: From randomization up to 72 hours of life
PIE
occurrence of Pulmonary interstitial emphysema
Time frame: From randomization up to 72 hours of life
IVH
occurrence of Intraventricular hemorrhage any grade of severity
Time frame: From randomization up to 72 hours of life
BPD
Clinical diagnosis of Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Time frame: assessed at 36 weeks gestational age (GA)
Death
Mortality for any cause
Time frame: From date of randomization until the date of death from any cause, assessed up to 40 weeks gestational age (GA)
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