Superior Cervical Sympathetic Block Versus Stellate Ganglion Block in Post-traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Overview

Posttraumatic Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a life-threatening neurological problem with a high mortality rate. Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is the second-leading cause of death and disability in patients suffering from SAH. DCI is strongly associated with cerebral arterial vasospasm (CAV), which reduces cerebral blood flow (CBF) and causes cerebral infarction. Various treatment modalities have been tried for the prevention and treatment of vasospasm, including oral nimodipine and isovolumic hypertension, as well as endovascular treatments such as intra-arterial drug infusion and balloon angioplasty. A few studies have demonstrated the role of stellate ganglion block (SGB) in the management of this dreaded complication. Cervical sympathetic block (CSB) may be an effective therapy but is not routinely performed to treat vasospasm/DCI. CSB is a local, minimally invasive, low cost and safe technique that can be performed at the bedside and may offer significant advantages as complementary treatment in combination with more conventional neurointerventional surgery interventions. Aim of study is evaluating the effect of superior sympathetic ganglion block versus stellate ganglion block in treating cerebral vasospasm and prevention of delayed cerebral ischemia in refractory post-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Trauma patients with CT evidence of post-traumatic SAH will be enrolled in the study and randomly assigned into two groups (30 patients each): 1. Group A: Superior cervical ganglion block group (CSB); 5 ml bupivacaine 0.5% will be injected around the internal carotid artery at the level of carotid bifurcation on the side of spasm and on each side if bilateral spasm using USG. 2. Group B: Stellate ganglion block group (SGB); 5 ml bupivacaine 0.5% will be injected between the common carotid artery and longus capitis muscle at the level of C7 vertebra on the side of spasm and on each side if bilateral spasm using USG. All patients will be treated with a standardized protocol that included immediate intensive care monitoring, hypertension (MABP \< 90 mmHg) and avoidance of hypotensive events, fluid resuscitation to maintain hypervolemia (defined as a positive fluid balance \>500 mL/d), and spontaneous hemodilution at 0.3 hematocrit. All patients will receive oral nimodipine for 3 weeks. Analgesia as needed and sedation will be avoided if possible. Intervention Technique: 1. Superior cervical ganglion block technique; * Patients will be placed in the supine position with the head turned to the opposite side of injection. * Procedure will be done under complete aseptic technique; mastoid process, hairline, and neck will be disinfected. * The common carotid artery will be identified by a high resolution linear ultrasound probe. * The probe gradually moved in the cranial direction to the position of the carotid bifurcation. * The C2- vertebral transverse process, vertebral artery, longus capitis muscle (LCM), and sternocleidomastoid muscle have been located to determine the puncture route, * After injection of a local anesthetic to the skin a needle (25-G injection needle) will be introduced using the in-plane approach, and 5 mL solution of bupivacaine 0.5% will be injected just behind the internal carotid artery. * Monitoring during procedure, vital signs (blood pressure, ECG and SPO2) every 10 minutes up to 30 min after block. * Endpoints for procedure success are signs of Horner's syndrome will be examined up to 30 min after block. * Patients with failed SGB will be excluded. 2. Stellate ganglion block technique; * Patients will be placed in the supine position with the head turned to the opposite side of injection. * Procedure will be done under complete aseptic technique; mastoid process, hairline, and neck will be disinfected. * The posterior tubercle of C7 vertebrae, vertebral artery will be identified by a high resolution linear ultrasound probe. * The probe is moved medially opposite to the level of C7 identifying the common carotid artery, 5 ml solution of bupivacaine 0.5% will be injected between the common carotid and longus colli muscle. * The endpoint criterion of SGB success is Horner's syndrome, which is characterized by miosis, ptosis, enophthalmos, conjunctival hyperemia, and facial redness without sweating. The patient will be monitored for at least 30 min to rule out any related complications after SGB. * Patients with failed SGB will be excluded. 3. Basic Transcranial Doppler Exam; A low-frequency ultrasound probe is required (2-3 MHz) due to improved penetration of ultrasound waves through the cranial temporal bones. Both the power M-mode and Doppler mode will be utilized transtemporal window will be used to assess circle of wills arteries. Transtemporal window: 1. MCA: Depth of 45-65mm with direction toward the probe. 2. MCA/ACA bifurcation: Depth of 60-65mm with bidirectional flow. 3. ACA: Depth of 60-75mm with direction away from the probe. 4. PCA (P1): Depth of 60-75mm with direction toward the probe. 5. PCA (P2): Depth of 60-75mm with direction away from the probe. 6. Terminal ICA: Depth of 60-65mm with direction toward the probe. Parameters extracted from TCD: 1. Mean cerebral blood flow velocity: Calculated using peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end-diastolic velocity (EDV) based on the following formula: \[PSV + (EDV x 2)\]/3\[1\]. 2. Resistive index: Measure of resistance to blood flow. RI = (PSV - EDV)/PSV\[8\]. 3. Lindegaard ratio (LR): The LR is a calculated value that normalizes the MCA velocity to the ICA. This is calculated by the mean velocity of the MCA divided by the mean velocity of the ICA. This ratio is important for differentiating hyperemia from true vasospasm on TCD study. If the MCA is increased at a higher proportion than the ICA, it indicates vasospasm as the source of the elevated velocity. A normal LR is considered \< 3, mild vasospasm 3.0-4.5, moderate vasospasm 4.5-6.0 and severe vasospasm \>6.0. Pre-interventional Parameters evaluation: - Standard monitoring includes: * Hemodynamics \[ECG, Spo2, SBP, DBP and MBP\] every 10 minutes during procedure upto 30 minutes after block. * Arterial oxygen saturation. * Continuous invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring (IABP): systolic arterial blood pressures (SABP), diastolic arterial blood pressure (DABP), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP). * Temperature. * Preintervention assessment of GCS, CBF by TCD assessment of MCA, ACA and LR ratio and cerebral blood vessels diameter by MRA whenever possible. Post-interventional data collection: - * Duration of study: 24 hours after intervention. * Hemodynamics; HR and MBP every 10 minutes up to 2h after block and then every hour. * Postintervention reassessment of CBF by TCD assessment of MCA, ACA and LR ratio by the same observer 30 minutes, 6 hours, 24 hours after block. * Cerebral blood vessels diameter by MRA within the first 4 hours after block whenever possible. * Any change in GCS within 24h after block.