The overall aim of the present study is to investigate the effectiveness of implementing a 1-year time-restricted eating (TRE)-based intervention on glycaemic control, body weight and composition, cardiometabolic risk factors, and behaviour in individuals with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D).
In people with type 2 diabetes (T2D), weight loss is associated with improved glycaemic control and markers of cardiometabolic function as well as reduced use of antidiabetic medicine. Beyond pharmacological treatments, current strategies to reduce body weight and improve glycaemia include energy-restricted diets and increased physical activity. Lifestyle interventions are complex, affecting many aspects of peoples' daily life. Dietary restrictions often result in rapid weight loss but the weight is gradually regained by many. Barriers to implement and maintain dietary changes include relapse of old habits and lack of knowledge, support, and insights into the type and amount of foods eaten. Previous lifestyle interventions targeting weight loss in T2D show efficacy for improving markers of metabolic and cardiovascular risk, including body weight and glycaemia during the intervention, but weight regain is often present. One reason may be that the intervention is not modified according to the needs of the target group. Often, weight loss interventions are shaped by a 'one size fits all' approach where both individual capabilities and motivation as well as social and contextual factors are more or less ignored. A user-based design could facilitate enrolment of participants and promote implementation and maintenance of the intervention among participants. Intermittent fasting regimens have been suggested as efficient strategies for improving cardiometabolic health to a greater extent than can be attributed to the reduction in energy intake alone. TRE limits the time available for food intake to typically 8-10 hours/day without other dietary restrictions and has been put forward as a novel, acceptable, and safe strategy that has shown promising effects on body weight, glucose metabolism, appetite, and cardiometabolic health in individuals at high risk of T2D. Although it has been suggested that TRE is a safe and feasible intervention, the longer-term effectiveness of TRE on glycaemic control and weight loss in individuals with T2D is unknown alongside the long-term acceptability and sustainability. Additionally, potential social and contextual challenges associated with integration of TRE into ordinary daily life structure and routines call for new approaches to support the individual in implementing and maintaining the strategy. Overall, the RESET2 study consists of three phases; 1) Need assessment, 2) Pilot study, and 3) RCT. The aim of the present study (RCT) is to investigate the effectiveness of implementing a 1-year TRE-based intervention in individuals with overweight/obesity and T2D. Participants will attend 6 visits at Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (SDCC): Visit 0 (screening), Visit 1 (baseline, minimum 10 days after screening), Visit 2 (10 days prior to visit 3), Visit 3 \[3 months (12 weeks) after baseline\], Visit 4 (10 days prior to visit 5), Visit 5 \[12 months (52 weeks) after baseline\]. The specific objectives are: 1. To investigate the effect of a 1-year TRE intervention on changes in glycaemic control (HbA1c) in individuals with overweight/obesity and T2D. 2. To investigate the effects of a 1-year TRE intervention on changes in body weight, fat mass, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) recorded time in range (TIR 3.9-10.0 mmol/l), and use of antidiabetic medication in individuals with overweight/obesity and T2D. 3. To describe changes in cardiometabolic risk factors (including fat-free mass, blood lipids, markers of kidney and liver function and inflammation, hormones involved in glucose metabolism and appetite control, liver fat, blood pressure, waist- and hip circumference), time below range (TBR), time above range (TAB), cognition, food preferences and reward, dim light melatonin onset (DLMO), and patient-reported outcomes including self-rated health, physical activity, well-being, diabetes distress, depression, food intake, and sleep quality. 4. To investigate the effects of a 3-month TRE intervention on changes in brain insulin sensitivity (sub-study). 5. To describe the extent to which the intervention was conducted as planned (visits, conversations, phone calls, peer support activities). 6. To describe the extent to which participants participated in support-related activities. 7. To explore participants' experiences with following TRE throughout a year including how they managed to keep their eating window and how the supporting activities and individualized approach worked for them (sub-population). 8. To explore the results from objectives 1-7 in relation to the extent the participants adhered to eating windows.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
160
3 months (12 weeks) strict TRE intervention: Participants will be instructed to reduce their eating window by minimum 3 hours compared to habitual eating, with an eating window below 10 hours. The timing of the eating window is self-selected but should be placed between 6 am and 8 pm. Diet during the eating window is ad libitum with no further dietary restrictions. 9 months (40 weeks) individually adjusted TRE intervention: An individual plan will be made based on participants' experiences during the strict TRE. Different choices of individual adjustment and support will be provided, including 1) eating window adjustments and the possibility of 'days off', 2) provision of a list of allowed calorie and caffeine free beverages that can be consumed outside the window, 3) continued opportunity to participate in peer-support group meetings, 4) extra phone calls with a project worker to discuss challenges or strategies to continue with TRE etc., and 5) further involvement of relatives.
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen
Herlev, Denmark, Denmark
RECRUITINGChange in HbA1c (mmol/mol)
Assessed from blood samples in fasted state.
Time frame: Change from baseline to 3-months of intervention (strict TRE)
Change in HbA1c (mmol/mol)
Assessed from blood samples in fasted state.
Time frame: Change from baseline to the end of the intervention (12 months)
Body weight (kg)
Measured on a digital scale in a fasted state.
Time frame: Change from baseline to end of the intervention (12 months). Measured at baseline, 3 months, 12 months
Fat mass (kg)
Measured by Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry in a fasted state.
Time frame: Change from baseline to end of the intervention (12 months). Measured at baseline, 3 months, 12 months
Time in range (% 3.9-10.0 mmol/l)
Measured using continous glucose monitoring.
Time frame: Change from baseline to end of the intervention (12 months). Measured at baseline, 3 months, 12 months
Use of antidiabetic medication
Change in current use of antidiabetic medication from baseline to end of the intervention (12 months).
Time frame: Change from baseline to end of the intervention (12 months). Assessed at baseline, 3 months, 12 months.
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