Outcome of Regenerative Endodontic Procedure and Root Canal Treatment for the Management of Apical Periodontitis

Overview

Background Root canal therapy is the primary treatment of choice for necrotic mature teeth with periapical lesions (PRLs), which does not restore the tooth's vitality. Provided that injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) has shown promising results in regenerative medicine as a novel platelet concentration, the purpose of this study is to ascertain whether i-PRF, as opposed to blood clot (BC), can serve as a biological scaffold, thereby expanding the indications for regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) in mature teeth. Novelty There is no study available that has evaluated the outcome of REP in the necrotic mature mandibular molars with periapical lesions. Furthermore, the efficacy of novel i-PRF as a scaffold in REPs remains to be explored. Objectives To evaluate and compare the outcome of REPs in comparison to conventional RCT in necrotic mature molars with PRLs and to evaluate the efficacy of i-PRF and BC in REP as a scaffold. Secondary objective is to evaluate pain for first postoperative week and subjective responses to pulp sensibility tests at 12 months follow-up. Method 120 patients presenting with necrotic pulp and periapical lesions will be randomly allotted to one of the three groups - REP using i-PRF or BC or RCT group. Comparative evaluation of outcome of REP and RCT will be performed at 12-months follow-up.

Regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) are biologically based procedures used to replace damaged structures such as dentin and root structures, as well as pulp-dentin complex cells (4, 5). Majority of studies have focused on treating immature necrotic teeth with the REP approach in order to preserve root development and regenerate functional pulp tissue (6-9). REPs have recently been proposed as an alternative approach to treating necrotic mature permanent teeth with apical periodontitis due to their promising results (10-12). However, it did face a few challenges, including fewer stem cells, narrower apical foramina for induction of blood and stem cell migration, and difficulty disinfecting the root completely (11). The most common scaffold for revascularization involves creation of blood clot (BC) by inducing bleeding from the periapical tissue using an endodontic file. However, blood clots are a meagre source of growth factors, and the precise method required to control the rate and volume of bleeding is still uncertain (13-15). Second-generation platelet concentrate, or platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), is a type of natural autologous fibrin matrix containing trapped leukocytes and platelets to ensure a sustained release of cytokines and growth factors. However, their applicability is restricted because of its solid nature. The development of a liquid form of PRF (injectable PRF) in 2016 was made possible by the use of gentle or low speed centrifugation, which has benefits for bone, periodontal cartilage, and pulp tissue regeneration (16,17). After application, injectable PRF (i-PRF) gradually changes into a growth factor-rich PRF clot that releases growth factors steadily over the course of 10 to 14 days (16). To the best of our knowledge, no study has been conducted that utilized i-PRF as a scaffold for REPs in mature teeth. Therefore, the aim of this trial is to evaluate and compare the efficacy of i-PRF and blood clot as scaffolds in REPs in comparison to nonsurgical root canal treatment in necrotic mature molars with periapical lesions (PRLs).