Pain affects the athlete's sporting career directly or indirectly. Directly, the injury affects other areas of the body causing a physical decompensation in the athlete and this affects the correct execution of the sporting technique, or how technical gestures can cause pain. Indirectly, through the psychological consequences of pain that generate a series of negative consequences and feelings. Some studies suggest that psychological skills are an important tool for pain management. For that reason, a mindfulness intervention programme would be a useful tool for manage pain in this population.
The study hypothesised that the Mindfulness Sports Performance Enhancement (MSPE) programme adapted for this population, was more effective than mindfulness-based relaxation training as a treatment for chronic pain and associated emotional disturbances in Para athletes with physical disabilities, and that it contributes more to modifying psychological variables that have been shown to be related to or have modulatory value in the experience of chronic pain.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
36
Experimental group. MSPE Programme. This group will receive a face-to-face mindfulness MSPE programme for 6 weeks, once a week for 1h 50min-2 hours. In addition to doing mindfulness activities at home. Each session contains the following exercises: (1) intention meditation, sultana exercise, diaphragmatic breathing and sitting meditation with a focus on breath, body and sound; (2) diaphragmatic breathing, Body Scan; (3) sitting meditation, dynamics of emotions, Mindful Yoga on the floor; (4) letting go of attachments, mindful Yoga on the floor walking meditation; (5) sports meditation, sitting meditation with a focus on breath, body and sound; (6) intention meditation, body scan analysis and review of sports meditation.
These instructions included a combination of tension-relaxation of specific muscles and simple breathing techniques. They were recommended to do this on a daily basis, with a minimum of 4 sessions per week.
Sandra Constantino Murillo
Madrid, Spain
Change in pain intensity (current pain) post intervention. [Time Frame: Baseline and at 6 weeks].[Safety Issue: No].
The presence of pain intensity (current pain) will be measured on a visual analogue Likert-type rating scale from 1 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable) without and with sports practice. A higher score indicates greater intensity.
Time frame: Month and a half.
Change in pain frequency post intervention. [Time Frame: Baseline and at 6 weeks].[Safety Issue: No]
The frequency with which Para-athletes experience pain will be assessed on a Likert-type scale from 1 (very infrequent) to 5 (very frequent).
Time frame: Month and a half.
Secondary Outcome Measure. [Time Frame: Baseline and at 6 weeks].[Safety Issue: No]. Higher values reflect higher levels on the scale to be measured.
Mindfulness: 2. Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). The scale will assess the individual's ability to be attentive and aware of the present moment experience in everyday life. ID: 22344492. Mental health variables: 3\. Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-21). The scale will assess the presence and intensity of affective states of depression, anxiety, and stress. \[5\]. 4\. Scales of Psychological Well-Being (SPWBP). The scale will assess the six dimensions postulated in the multidimensional model of psychological well-being. ID de PubMed: 17296089. 5\. Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). The scale will assess satisfaction with life. \[7\]. Coping strategies: 6\. Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ). This questionnaire measures involvement in activities and openness to pain. ID: 21044544. 7\. Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ). This questionnaire will assess the frequency with which the subject uses different pain coping strategies. ID: 15042468
Time frame: Month and a half.
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