The study aims to provide insights into how menstrual cycle phases impact appetite responses to resistance exercise in young women. Healthy young women will participate in four trials: the exercise session in the follicular phase, the exercise session in the luteal phase, the control session in the follicular phase, and the control session in the luteal phase. Various measurements will be taken, including subjective appetite perceptions, appetite hormones, food preferences, lactate levels, estradiol levels, progesterone levels, and energy intake.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
18
Resistance exercises in the following order: squat, bench press, deadlift. Each exercise consisted of 3 sets with 7 repetitions, using a load of 70% 1RM with 120sec of rest between sets.
National Taiwan Normal University
Taipei, Taiwan
Subjective appetite
The appetite perceptions are obtained through a 0-100 mm visual analog scale. The variables assessed include perceptions of hunger (i.e., "How hungry do you feel?"), satisfaction (i.e., "How satisfied do you feel?"), fullness (i.e., "How full do you feel?"), prospective food consumption (i.e., "How much do you think you can eat?"), and nausea (i.e., "How nauseous do you feel?"), with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely.".
Time frame: 4 hours during each study intervention
Change in acyl-Ghrelin
acyl-Ghrelin in pg/mL
Time frame: 4 hours during each study intervention
Change in total-Ghrelin
total-Ghrelin in pg/mL
Time frame: 4 hours during each study intervention
Change in PYY
PYY in pg/mL
Time frame: 4 hours during each study intervention
Change in active-GLP-1
active-GLP-1 in pg/mL
Time frame: 4 hours during each study intervention
Change in total-GLP-1
total-GLP-1 in pg/mL
Time frame: 4 hours during each study intervention
Change in lactate
insulin in mmol/L
Time frame: 4 hours during each study intervention
Explicit liking
A visual analog scale ranging from 0 to 100 mm is utilized to evaluate the question, "How pleasant would it be to taste some of this food now?" with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely."
Time frame: 4 hours during each study intervention
Explicit wanting
A visual analog scale ranging from 0 to 100 mm is utilized to evaluate the question, "How much do you want some of this food now?" with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely."
Time frame: 4 hours during each study intervention
Implicit wanting
Participants are given a set of food image pairs and are asked to select their preference by answering the question, "Which food do you desire the most at the moment?". The implicit wanting calculation involves further consideration of response time data based on preference choices using a standardized equation.
Time frame: 4 hours during each study intervention
Relative preference
Participants are given a set of food image pairs and are asked to select their preference by answering the question, "Which food do you desire the most at the moment?". The relative preference is the sum of the times each type of food is chosen, with a maximum value of 48 and a minimum value of 0.
Time frame: 4 hours during each study intervention
Fat appeal bias
Fat preference (high or low) is calculated by subtracting the mean low-fat scores from the mean high-fat scores. Positive values suggest a preference for high-fat foods, while negative scores indicate a preference for low-fat or savory foods, and a score of 0 signifies an equal preference between fat content.
Time frame: 4 hours during each study intervention
Taste appeal bias
Taste preference (savoury or sweet) is calculated by subtracting the mean savory scores from the mean sweet scores. Positive values suggest a preference for sweet foods, while negative scores indicate a preference for savory foods, and a score of 0 signifies an equal preference between taste categories.
Time frame: 4 hours during each study intervention
Change in TG
TG in mg/dL
Time frame: 4 hours during each study intervention
Change in glucose
glucose in mg/dL
Time frame: 4 hours during each study intervention
Change in insulin
insulin in mU/L
Time frame: 4 hours during each study intervention
Sex hormones
Sex hormones will be measured, such as estrogen and progesterone
Time frame: 4 hours during each study intervention
Energy intake
Participants will be required to record their diet for the day before, the current day, and the day following the experiment.
Time frame: 3 days during each study intervention
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