Effect of Cryolipolysis on Insulin Resistance

Overview

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex chronic illness associated with a state of high blood glucose level, or hyperglycemia, occurring from deficiencies in insulin secretion, action, or both. Diabetes mellitus is the name given to a wide spectrum group of disorders characterized by raised plasma glucose.Type 1 diabetes is characterized by an absolute insulin deficiency due to autoimmune destruction of insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas. most adults with diabetes have type 2, characterized by a relative insulin secretory defect, and target tissue resistance to the effects of insulin.

Diabetes is one of the most important health problems and chronic metabolic diseases requiring critical care.The number of people with diabetes has risen from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a common and increasingly prevalent disease and is thus a major public health concern worldwide. The International Diabetes Federation estimates that there are approximately 387 million people diagnosed with diabetes across the globe. The clinical diagnosis of diabetes is reliant on either one of the four plasma glucose (PG) criteria: elevated (i) fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (\>126 mg/dL), (ii) 2 h PG during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (\>200 mg/dL), (iii) random PG (\>200 mg/dL) with classic signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia, or (iv) hemoglobin A1C level \>6.5%. The principal tissues affected by insulin resistance are liver, muscle and fat. In the liver this impaired insulin related inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis results in increased hepatic glucose output, exacerbating hyperglycemia. In muscle, reduced transport of carbohydrates into muscle combined with lipid deposition in muscle cells leads toimpaired exercise ability and lowered threshold for tiredness with exercise. In fat tissue, there is impaired insulin-mediated inhibition of hormone dependent lipase, with breakdown of lipids to free fatty acids and glycerol, contributing to the dyslipidemia. With the rise in diabetes prevalence, researchers have increasingly investigated treatments intended to improve health and quality of life. People are much more likely to achieve metabolic control when they adhere to recommended diets, medications and exercise behaviors. Cryolipolysis (CoolSculpting, Zeltiq, Pleasanton, CA) is a novel method of selective removal of fat with cooling. This technique is basedon the concept that fat cells are more sensitive to cold than the surrounding tissue. Prior studies and observations have demonstrated that cold exposure can induce selective damage to the subcutaneous fat via induction of panniculitis, resulting in reduction in the superficial fat layer of the skin

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