The goal of this clinical trial is to test the effect of different protein-enhancement strategies versus carbohydrate control on exercise-induced muscle damage in physically active older adults. The main question it aims to answer is: What is the effect of three different protein-enhancement strategies (whey protein (WP), mixed plant-based protein (MPP), and use of protein-rich food products (PFP) on exercise-induced muscle damage in older adults compared to isocaloric carbohydrate control? Participants will: * Use a protein-enhancement strategy (WP, MPP or PFP) or carbohydrate control for a total of 5 weeks; * Participate in a single walking bound (30/40/50 km) two weeks after the start of the study; * Participate in a consecutive walking bound (4 days of 30/40/50 km) in the last week of the study period; * Complete different questionnaires and give blood samples to test for muscle damage.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
DOUBLE
Enrollment
199
Daily dosage of the supplements will be 30 gram, preferably consumed in the morning and post-exercise or prior to sleep.
Daily dosage of the supplements will be 30 gram, preferably consumed in the morning and post-exercise or prior to sleep.
Daily use of an e-health application with dietary intake counselling to increase protein intake. The overall goal of these advices is to increase protein intake from \<1.0g/kg/bw/d to \>1.2g/kg/bw/d which is approximately 30 grams of additional protein per day (similar to the other arms of the intervention).
Daily dosage of the supplements will be 30 gram, preferably consumed in the morning and post-exercise or prior to sleep.
Radboudumc
Nijmegen, Gelderland, Netherlands
serum creatine kinase (CK) levels
Exercise-induced muscle damage. Non-fasted venous blood samples will be drawn from the antecubital vein at each pre-exercise and post-exercise visit. Based on previous research it is expected that time-dependent exercise-induced increase in creatine kinase (CK) levels are significantly different between protein groups and control, but not within protein groups. Multiple peak post-exercise CK concentrations (several hours to up to 48h post exercise) will be compared to pre-exercise CK levels to compare the effect of different protein enhancing strategies versus carbohydrate control.
Time frame: Measured 8 times in total. Once pre-single exercise, two times post-single exercise (within 2h after and around 24h after) and 2 weeks later: once pre-multiple day exercise and four times post-multiple day exercise (within 2h post-exercise)
serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels
(Muscle) cell damage. Non-fasted venous blood samples will be drawn from the antecubital vein at each pre-exercise and post-exercise visit.
Time frame: Measured 8 times in total. Once pre-single exercise, two times post-single exercise (within 2h after and around 24h after) and 2 weeks later: once pre-multiple day exercise and four times post-multiple day exercise (within 2h post-exercise)
muscle soreness
Muscle soreness is measured via the the Numeric Pain Scale (from 0 to 10, a higher score means more muscle soreness.
Time frame: Measured 8 times in total. Once pre-single exercise, two times post-single exercise (within 2h after and around 24h after) and 2 weeks later: once pre-multiple day exercise and four times post-multiple day exercise (within 2h post-exercise)
muscle function
Maximal handgrip strength is measured to the nearest 0.5 kg using a hand dynamometer. The participants is seated in a chair with the shoulders adducted and neutrally rotated and elbow flexed at 90o. Three consecutive measurements of handgrip strength will be recorded.
Time frame: Measured 8 times in total. Once pre-single exercise, two times post-single exercise (within 2h after and around 24h after) and 2 weeks later: once pre-multiple day exercise and four times post-multiple day exercise (within 2h post-exercise)
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