The goal of this clinical trial is to investigate whether increasing non-exercise physical activity combined with aerobic exercise in overweight young women is superior to performing aerobic exercise alone in terms of some cardiometabolic variables. The main question it aims to answer is: • Do both increasing non-exercise physical activity and doing aerobic exercise add more beneficial cardiometabolic effects to performing aerobic exercise alone in overweight young women? To answer this question, overweight young women will be randomly assigned to two different groups of this research. Volunteers in one of the groups will do moderate-intensity aerobic training and the other group will increase their non-exercise physical activities in addition to moderate-intensity aerobic training. Then researchers will compare two groups to see the differences in cardiometabolic variables.
According to objective and subjective measurements, time spent sedentary varies between 2.5 hours and 10 hours approximately in European countries. In America, this time is 8.44 hours on average. According to accelerometer data, the average total sedentary time of university students is 9.82 hours per day. Sedentary behaviour (SB) is associated with cardiometabolic risk markers and increased risk of cardiovascular disease, independent of moderate and vigorous physical activity (PA). Replacing sedentary time with PA of any intensity, including low-intensity, reduces all-cause mortality. In terms of some cardiovascular risk variables (e.g., high triglycerides, glucose, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol), data are insufficient and conflicting on the superiority of increasing non-exercise PA in addition to aerobic exercise over aerobic exercise alone. Additionally, to our knowledge, whether increasing non-exercise PA combined with aerobic exercise is superior to performing aerobic exercise alone in young overweight women with high sedentary time has not been investigated. Therefore, this study was planned to investigate whether reducing SB and increasing non-exercise PA combined with aerobic exercise in overweight young women between the ages of 18-35 is superior to performing aerobic exercise alone in terms of some cardiometabolic variables. For this purpose, overweight female individuals between the ages of 18-35 will be invited to the research. Thirty-two female volunteers who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria will be randomly assigned to two different groups of this research. These groups will be as follows: Aerobic Exercise Group: Participants in this group will do moderate-intensity aerobic training four days a week for 8 weeks. Aerobic Exercise+non-Exercise Physical Activity Group: Participants in this group will reduce their sedentary time and increase non-exercise PA in addition to moderate-intensity aerobic training for four days a week for 8 weeks. PA and SB data of the participants in both groups will be monitored with a wrist worn accelerometer throughout the study. At the beginning of the study, 4 weeks after the beginning and at the end of 8 weeks, participants will be evaluated in terms of the cardiometabolic variables. These variables are fasting serum glucose, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HbA1c, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index, waist and hip circumference, and body fat percentage. If there is a difference between the two group averages in terms of all variables and the group-time interactions test assumptions are met, analysis will be made with two-way mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA). Since 3 measurements will be made over time, pairwise differences in change over time will be analyzed with a post hoc Bonferroni test.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
28
Aerobic exercise will be performed on the treadmill at 40-60% of the participants' heart rate reserves. Each aerobic exercise session will last for 40 minutes. All participants will be monitored with a heart rate monitor throughout the exercise sessions. During the first three-week, participants will exercise on the treadmill at intensities between 40-50%, and between fourth and eighth weeks, 50-60% of their heart rate reserves. Participants will wear an accelerometer on their non-dominant wrist during the intervention to monitor the physical activity and sedentary behavior data. At the same time, these participants will be asked not to change their routine diet during the intervention period.
Participants who will carry out this intervention will increase their non-exercise physical activities. Before intervention period, participants will receive face-to-face training to increase their non-exercise physical activities. This training will generally consist of recommendations based on the study which effectively reduced sedentary behavior (SB) with non-exercise physical activities (Sarah Kozey-Keadle et al. 2012). A one-on-one interview will be held with each participant every week to learn about strategies by which the volunteers successfully increased their non-exercise physical activities in the previous week, and the difficulties or barriers they encountered. New strategies to overcome these difficulties and barriers will be discussed and suggestions will be made. Participants will wear an accelerometer on their non-dominant wrist to monitor the physical activity and SB data, and will be asked not to change their routine diet during the intervention period.
Kastamonu University, Çatalzeytin Vocational School
Çatalzeytin, Kastamonu, Turkey (Türkiye)
Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol
Fasting blood samples will be taken by applying a vacutainer needle to the appropriate vein following a 12-hour fast and will be analyzed immediately in the biochemistry laboratory.
Time frame: The week before the beginning of the interventions, at 4th week of the intervention , and the week after the interventions
High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol
Fasting blood samples will be taken by applying a vacutainer needle to the appropriate vein following a 12-hour fast and will be analyzed immediately in the biochemistry laboratory.
Time frame: The week before the beginning of the interventions, at 4th week of the intervention , and the week after the interventions
Total Cholesterol
Fasting blood samples will be taken by applying a vacutainer needle to the appropriate vein following a 12-hour fast and will be analyzed immediately in the biochemistry laboratory.
Time frame: The week before the beginning of the interventions, at 4th week of the intervention , and the week after the interventions
Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1C)
Fasting blood samples will be taken by applying a vacutainer needle to the appropriate vein following a 12-hour fast and will be analyzed immediately in the biochemistry laboratory.
Time frame: The week before the beginning of the interventions, at 4th week of the intervention , and the week after the interventions
Serum Triglycerides
Fasting blood samples will be taken by applying a vacutainer needle to the appropriate vein following a 12-hour fast and will be analyzed immediately in the biochemistry laboratory.
Time frame: The week before the beginning of the interventions, at 4th week of the intervention , and the week after the interventions
Maximal Oxygen Consumption
Maximal oxygen consumption will be estimated by the Rockport 1 Mile Walk Test
Time frame: The week before the beginning of the interventions, and the week after the interventions
Systolic Blood Pressure
Measurements will be made on the arm with a digital blood pressure monitor after resting for at least 10 minutes in a supine position to ensure hemodynamic stability. By wrapping the cuff around the arm, brachial systolic blood pressure will be automatically measured.
Time frame: The week before the beginning of the interventions, at 4th week of the intervention , and the week after the interventions
Diastolic Blood Pressure
Measurements will be made on the arm with a digital blood pressure monitor after resting for at least 10 minutes in a supine position to ensure hemodynamic stability. By wrapping the cuff around the arm, brachial diastolic blood pressure will be automatically measured.
Time frame: The week before the beginning of the interventions, at 4th week of the intervention , and the week after the interventions
Body Fat Percentage
Body fat percentage will be measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis
Time frame: The week before the beginning of the interventions, at 4th week of the intervention , and the week after the interventions
Fat-free Mass
Fat-free mass will be measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis
Time frame: The week before the beginning of the interventions, at 4th week of the intervention , and the week after the interventions
Waist Circumference
Waist circumference will be measured in centimeters in the horizontal plane with a tape measure from the narrowest part of the waist area, with feet together, immediately after normal expiration without holding the breath.
Time frame: The week before the beginning of the interventions, at 4th week of the intervention , and the week after the interventions
Hip Circumference
Hip circumference will be measured in centimeters in the horizontal plane with a tape measure from the widest part of the hip.
Time frame: The week before the beginning of the interventions, at 4th week of the intervention , and the week after the interventions
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