Objective Analysis of Caesarean Scar Pregnancy

Inclusion Criteria: * history of at least one previous caesarean section * symptoms suggestive of caesarean scar pregnancy, such as unexplained abnormal vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, cervical pain or abnormal uterine activity during pregnancy * amenorrhea ≤84 days * ultrasound examination suggesting a single gestational sac with intact morphology * stable maternal vital signs Exclusion Criteria: * mass-type caesarean scar pregnancy * previous medication or surgical treatment before ultrasound examination * haemodynamically unstable patients * patients with surgical contraindications * incomplete or lost follow-up clinical data * patients with severe medical conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperthyroidism and haemophilia