Hypertension is a common problem, affecting \>1.1 billion people worldwide. Unfortunately, fewer than one in five treated patients with hypertension have their blood pressure (BP) under control. The increasing number of people with uncontrolled BP despite the use of three or more antihypertensive agents at optimal or maximally tolerated doses, with one of those agents preferably being a diuretic has been described as the resistant hypertension (RH). Achieving BP control is essential because patients with hypertension who have uncontrolled BP have significantly higher rates of all-cause, cardiovascular, heart disease and cerebrovascular disease mortality compared to normotensive individuals, whereas mortality risk in patients with well-controlled BP does not differ from that in normotensive individuals. There are a number of potential factors that contribute to the suboptimal control of hypertension, including medication non-adherence and prescribing inertia. This highlights the limitations of purely pharmacological approaches for the effective management of hypertension. In fact, the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and sympatho-adrenomedullary system play a pathogenic role in triggering and sustaining RH. Superselective adrenal arterial embolization (SAAE) is a catheter-based percutaneous transluminal procedure which selectively injects ethanol into adrenal artery to ablate part of the adrenal gland for suppression of excessive aldosterone and catecholamines. Over the last decade, unilateral SAAE has emerged as a potential treatment option for patients with primary aldosteronism. Whether this approach can be extrapolated to patients with RH is unclear. We thus set out to perform a randomized trial to compare the safety and efficacy of bilateral SAAE with antihypertensive medications in treating RH.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
72
SAAE is a catheter-based percutaneous transluminal procedure which selectively injects ethanol into bilateral adrenal artery to ablate part of the adrenal gland for suppression of excessive aldosterone and catecholamines
traditional triple antihypertensive treatment
Change of 24-h average systolic blood pressure
Difference in the change of 24-h average systolic blood pressure between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 6-month
Change of 24-h average systolic blood pressure
Difference in the change of 24-h average systolic blood pressure between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 12-month
Change of 24-h average systolic blood pressure
Difference in the change of 24-h average systolic blood pressure between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 3-month
Change of 24-h average diastolic blood pressure, daytime mean systolic blood pressure, daytime mean diastolic blood pressure, and nighttime average systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Difference in the change of 24-h average diastolic blood pressure, daytime mean systolic blood pressure, daytime mean diastolic blood pressure, and nighttime average systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 6-month
Change of 24-h average diastolic blood pressure, daytime mean systolic blood pressure, daytime mean diastolic blood pressure, and nighttime average systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Difference in the change of 24-h average diastolic blood pressure, daytime mean systolic blood pressure, daytime mean diastolic blood pressure, and nighttime average systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 3-month
Change of 24-h average diastolic blood pressure, daytime mean systolic blood pressure, daytime mean diastolic blood pressure, and nighttime average systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Difference in the change of 24-h average diastolic blood pressure, daytime mean systolic blood pressure, daytime mean diastolic blood pressure, and nighttime average systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 12-month
Change of home systolic and diastolic pressure
Difference in the change of home systolic and diastolic pressure between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 6-month
Change of home systolic and diastolic pressure
Difference in the change of home systolic and diastolic pressure between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 12-month
Change of home systolic and diastolic pressure
Difference in the change of home systolic and diastolic pressure between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 3-month
Difference in the change of office systolic and diastolic pressure between the intervention and control group
Difference in the change of office systolic and diastolic pressure between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 6-month
Difference in the change of office systolic and diastolic pressure between the intervention and control group
Difference in the change of office systolic and diastolic pressure between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 12-month
Difference in the change of office systolic and diastolic pressure between the intervention and control group
Difference in the change of office systolic and diastolic pressure between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 3-month
Difference in the change of blood electrolytes (K+, Na + in mmol/L) between the intervention and control group
Difference in the change of blood electrolytes (K+, Na + in mmol/L) between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 6-month
Difference in the change of blood electrolytes (K+, Na + in mmol/L) between the intervention and control group
Difference in the change of blood electrolytes (K+, Na + in mmol/L) between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 12-month
Difference in the change of blood electrolytes (K+, Na + in mmol/L) between the intervention and control group
Difference in the change of blood electrolytes (K+, Na + in mmol/L) between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 3-month
Change of plasma aldosterone
Difference in the change of plasma aldosterone (pg/mL) between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 6-month
Change of plasma aldosterone
Difference in the change of plasma aldosterone (pg/mL) between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 12-month
Change of plasma aldosterone
Difference in the change of plasma aldosterone (pg/mL) between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 3-month
Change of plasma cortisol
Change of plasma cortisol
Time frame: 6-month
Change of plasma cortisol
Change of plasma cortisol
Time frame: 12-month
Change of plasma cortisol
Change of plasma cortisol
Time frame: 3-month
Change of plasma renin measured
Difference in the change of plasma renin (pg/ml) between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 6-month
Change of plasma renin measured
Difference in the change of plasma renin (pg/ml) between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 12-month
Change of plasma renin measured
Difference in the change of plasma renin (pg/ml) between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 3-month
Change of liver enzymes
Difference in the change of liver enzymes (ALT, AST in IU/L) between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 6-month
Change of liver enzymes
Difference in the change of liver enzymes (ALT, AST in IU/L) between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 12-month
Change of liver enzymes
Difference in the change of liver enzymes (ALT, AST in IU/L) between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 3-month
Change of kidney function
Difference in the change of serum creatinine in umol/L between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 6-month
Change of kidney function
Difference in the change of serum creatinine in umol/L between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 12-month
Change of kidney function
Difference in the change of serum creatinine in umol/L between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 3-month
Change of fasting blood glucose
Difference in the change of fasting blood glucose in mmol/L between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 6-month
Change of fasting blood glucose
Difference in the change of fasting blood glucose in mmol/L between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 3-month
Change of fasting blood glucose
Difference in the change of fasting blood glucose in mmol/L between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 12-month
Change of lipids profiles
Difference in the change of lipids profiles (TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG) in mmol/L between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 6-month
Change of lipids profiles
Difference in the change of lipids profiles (TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG) in mmol/L between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 12-month
Change of lipids profiles
Difference in the change of lipids profiles (TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG) in mmol/L between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 3-month
Change of echocardiography parameters (IVSd、IVSs、LVPWd, LVPWs, LVEDD)
Difference in the change of echocardiography parameters (IVSd、IVSs、LVPWd, LVPWs, LVEDD, in millimetre\[mm\]) between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 6-month
Change of echocardiography parameters (IVSd、IVSs、LVPWd, LVPWs, LVEDD)
Difference in the change of echocardiography parameters (IVSd、IVSs、LVPWd, LVPWs, LVEDD, in millimetre\[mm\]) between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 12-month
Change of echocardiography parameters (IVSd、IVSs、LVPWd, LVPWs, LVEDD)
Difference in the change of echocardiography parameters (IVSd、IVSs、LVPWd, LVPWs, LVEDD, in millimetre\[mm\]) between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 3-month
Change of 24-h urine microalbumin
Difference in the change of 24-h urine microalbumin (mg/L) between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 6-month
Change of 24-h urine microalbumin
Difference in the change of 24-h urine microalbumin (mg/L) between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 12-month
Change of 24-h urine microalbumin
Difference in the change of 24-h urine microalbumin (mg/L) between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 3-month
Change of 24-h urine creatinine
Difference in the change of 24-h urine creatinine (umol/L) between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 6-month
Change of 24-h urine creatinine
Difference in the change of 24-h urine creatinine (umol/L) between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 12-month
Change of 24-h urine creatinine
Difference in the change of 24-h urine creatinine (umol/L) between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 3-month
Change of echocardiography parameters (LVEF)
Change of echocardiography parameters (LVEF)
Time frame: 6-month
Change of echocardiography parameters (LVEF)
Change of echocardiography parameters (LVEF)
Time frame: 12-month
Change of echocardiography parameters (LVEF)
Change of echocardiography parameters (LVEF)
Time frame: 3-month
Change of carotid intima-media thickness
Difference in the change of carotid intima-media thickness(CIMT) assessed by carotid ultrasound between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 6-month
Change of carotid intima-media thickness
Difference in the change of carotid intima-media thickness(CIMT) assessed by carotid ultrasound between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 12-month
Change of carotid intima-media thickness
Difference in the change of carotid intima-media thickness(CIMT) assessed by carotid ultrasound between the intervention and control group
Time frame: 3-month
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