Depression affects between 5-15% of adults ≥ 65 years in Sweden. Depression in older adults reduces functional ability and quality of life, and increases the risk for morbidity, loneliness, and suicide. Psychological treatment is recommended as a first-line treatment for depression, which about 3% of older adults with depression in Sweden report receiving. One effective psychological treatment is behavioral activation, which reduces depressive symptoms by increasing enjoyable, meaningful and important activities, for example exercise and social activities. The research group conducted a pilot study of telephone based behavioral activation for isolated older adults with depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. The intervention consisted of four telephone calls, and the results showed a significant decrease in depressive symptoms, with maintained effects for six months. 250 individuals will participate in the study. Half of the participants will be randomised to start the intervention immediately, while the other half of the participants will be randomized to a control group receiving treatment as usual at their respective primary care center. Participants will be asked to fill in questionnaires before, after treatment. Questionnaires will also be sent 3- and 6 months after treatment to follow up on the results. Patients will be asked to wear an accelerometer for 5-7 days to record their activity level at baseline, post-intervention and after 3-months. A smaller group of participants (10-15) will be asked to participate in a more detailed interview about how they experienced the treatment.
In Sweden, depression among the elderly is a major public health concern. Major depression occurred in 5-15 % of the older population in Sweden, and one third of the women and a fifth of the men 65 years and older reported subclinical depressive symptoms. Several mental health experts raise concerns that there will be an increase of psychiatric illness during and after COVID-19, particularly among the elderly. Depression in older individuals can be treated with antidepressant medication, psychological interventions and physical activity. However, the majority of the older individuals state that they would prefer psychological treatments to medication, which poses a challenge during COVID-19 as such treatments are often delivered face-to-face. Psychological treatments delivered via the Internet are as efficacious as face-to-face, but only 3-4% of the individuals 65 years and above in Sweden use digital applications that replace physical healthcare visits. The purpose of this randomised controlled multicenter study is to evaluate the effects and outcomes of a telephone-delivered Behavioral Activation-treatment for older adults with depression in primary care within the framework of the research project DepActive. Our study specifically aims to: 1. investigate the effect of a telephone-delivered BA-treatment for older adults with depression in primary care with regards to a. depressive symptoms (primary outcome measure) b. depression diagnosis c. anxiety symptoms d. quality of life e. activity level f. functional ability g. cognitive function h. loneliness i. self-efficacy j. cost effectiveness k. care consumption including pharmacological treatment 2. explore patients' and therapists' experiences of the treatment 3. investigate to which extent the BA-treatment corresponds to person-centered care 4. investigate the mediating role of type of activity and level of physical activity with regards to improvement in depressive symptoms 5. investigate whether the intervention impacts the need for community healthcare services for participants utilizing such services. The study is a multi-center randomised controlled clinical trial in primary care in the Swedish county councils of Vastmanland, Uppsala and Sormland. Participants will be recruited from multiple primary care centers in each region. If the participant is enrolled in the study, the study therapist performs the randomisation by using an online randomisation software with a 1:1, random-blocks sequence. The participants are randomised consecutively to two arms: control group or intervention group. The control group will receive treatment as usual (TAU) in primary care, and the intervention group will receive TAU with the addition of a five-session telephone-based BA-intervention over an eight-week period.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
250
Session 1: Face-to-face; Psychoeducation about depression; treatment rationale for Behavioral Activation (BA); rationale and instructions for activity log; Session 2: Via telephone; Discussion of life goals and values; planning of activities aligned with life goals and values for coming week Session 3: Via telephone; Troubleshooting any problems carrying out activities; planning activities aligned with life goals and values for coming week. Session 4: Via telephone; Troubleshooting any problems carrying out activities; planning activities aligned with life goals and values for the coming week; instructing the participant to independently continue to plan activities for the coming month. Session 5: Via telephone; Troubleshooting any problems carrying out activities; reviewing treatment; stressing the importance of continuing to engage in activities aligned with life goals and values; creating a maintenance plan.
Treatment as usual regarding depression received at their primary care centre.
Uppsala university
Uppsala, Uppland, Sweden
Change from baseline in depressive symptoms using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, MADRS-S
Depressive symptoms measured with the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Self-rating Scale, MADRS-S. MADRS-S is a nine-item questionnaire used to measure severity of depression. The score ranges from 0-54. High scores indicate more depressive symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline; Intervention 1 Week 9; 3 months post-intervention; 6 months post-intervention.
Change from baseline in depression diagnosis assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, MINI
MINI is a structured clinical interview used to assess the presence/absence of common psychiatric disorders.
Time frame: Baseline; Intervention 1 Week 9; 6 months post-intervention.
Change from baseline in Physical Activity level
Physical Activity levels measured with accelerometer, ActiGraph GT3X. Self rated physical activity levels measured with Frandin/Grimby activity scale, which is a 6 item scale. The score ranges from 0-6. High scores indicate high levels of physical activity.
Time frame: Baseline; Intervention 1 Week 9; 6 months post-intervention.
Change from baseline in anxiety symptoms using the Geriatric Anxiety Scale - 10 item (GAS-10) is a self-rating scale designed to capture anxiety specifically in older adults, with items reflecting affective-, cognitive- and somatic anxiety symptoms.
Anxiety symptoms measured with the Geriatric Anxiety Scale -10 version. Self rating symptoms. The score ranges from 0-10. High scores indicate high levels of anxiety.
Time frame: Baseline; Intervention 1 Week 9; 3 months post-intervention; 6 months post-intervention.
Change from baseline in health and disability using The WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 12-item, WHODAS
WHODAS-12 is a 12-item questionnaire used to assess disability due to health conditions. The total score ranges from 0-48. High scores indicate high levels of disability.
Time frame: Baseline; Intervention 1 Week 9; 3 months post-intervention; 6 months post-intervention.
Change from baseline in self rated quality of life using the EuroQol-5 Dimensions-5 Level Scale, EQ-5D-5L
The EuroQol-5 Dimensions-5 Level Scale, EQ-5D-5L is a 5-item scale. The scale describes health in five dimensions.
Time frame: Baseline; Intervention 1 Week 9; 3 months post-intervention; 6 months post-intervention.
Changes from baseline in Self Efficacy measured with the New General Self-Efficacy Scale, S-GSE.
Self efficacy measured with the New General Self-Efficacy Scale, S-GSE. The scale consists of 10 items. Total score ranges from 10-40. High scores indicates high levels of self efficacy.
Time frame: Baseline; Intervention 1 Week 9; 3 months post-intervention; 6 months post-intervention.
Changes from baseline in loneliness measured with the UCLA Loneliness Scale version 3, UCLA-LS-3.
Loneliness measured with the UCLA Loneliness Scale version 3, UCLA-LS-3. This is a 20 item scale. Total score ranges from 20-80. High scores indicates low levels of loneliness.
Time frame: Baseline; Intervention 1 Week 9; 3 months post-intervention; 6 months post-intervention.
Diagnostic accuracy
Area under curve, sensitivity, specificity
Time frame: Baseline; Week 0
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