This study will investigate the effect of different durations of music interventions (1, 5 and 20 minutes of music) on pain tolerance.
Music interventions reduce perioperative pain and anxiety. However, it is yet unclear how long music needs to be presented in order to have an effect. Therefore, the investigators would like to propose a pilot randomized controlled trial in order to investigate the optimal duration of musical interventions. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of different durations of music interventions on pain tolerance (expressed in amperage). Secondary objectives are to investigate the effects of music duration on heart rate variability (expressed in milliseconds) and subjective measurements of emotions, anxiety and pain. Healthy volunteers (age ≥18 years) will be included, and the study will take place at the outpatient clinic of the Center of Pain Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
80
Participants will be instructed to make a 20-minute playlist with their own preferred music, using a tablet and a music listening app. That playlist will then be presented on shuffle mode for 1 minute through headphones provided by the hospital. Volume can be selected by the participants. However, in order to prevent hearing loss the volume cannot exceed 80 decibels. The 19 minutes before the 1 minute music listening intervention, participants will be instructed to remain seated and are not allowed to do anything else (for example using their phones).
Participants will be instructed to make a 20-minute playlist with their own preferred music, using a tablet and a music listening app. That playlist will then be presented on shuffle mode for 1 minute through headphones provided by the hospital. Volume can be selected by the participants. However, in order to prevent hearing loss the volume cannot exceed 80 decibels. The 15 minutes before the 5 minutes music listening intervention, participants will be instructed to remain seated and are not allowed to do anything else (for example using their phones).
Erasmus Medical Center
Rotterdam, Netherlands
Pain tolerance
The primary objective of the study is the pain tolerance. This tolerance will be measured using electric stimuli directly after the 20 minutes of listening to music or sitting in silence. Each measurement will be performed three times. Results will be expressed in amperage.
Time frame: At the end of the intervention, after the 20 minutes of listening to music or sitting in silence. Measured at the same day as the experiment.
Heart rate variability (HRV)
HRV, the variation in time between adjacent heartbeats, can be used as a marker for autonomic function. Furthermore, an increase of HRV has been found after music interventions, possibly due to the effect on the parasympatic nervous system. HRV will be measured continuously using an Acentas Chest Strap (BM innovations GmbH).
Time frame: During the 20 minutes of listening to music or sitting in silence, and during the eletric stimuli directly after those 20 minutes. Measured at the same day as the experiment.
Level of perceived anxiety, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)-6 questionnaire
The STAI-6 questionnaire is a validated and frequently used questionnaire to assess anxiety. The questionnaire comprises six items and the total scores ranges from 20 to 80, with a higher score indicating a higher level of anxiety.
Time frame: At baseline and immediately after the intervention, after the electric stimuli. Measured at the same day as the experiment.
Valence and arousal, Self-Assessment manikin (SAM) questionnaire
The SAM is a non-verbal pictorial assessment technique that directly measures the pleasure, arousal, and dominance associated with a person's affective reaction to a wide variety of stimuli. Each measurement value ranges from 1 to 9, which indicates different levels of pleasure, arousal and dominance.
Time frame: At baseline and immediately after the intervention, after the electric stimuli. Measured at the same day as the experiment.
This platform is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional.
Participants will be instructed to make a 20-minute playlist with their own preferred music, using a tablet and a music listening app. That playlist will then be presented on shuffle mode for 20 minutes through headphones provided by the hospital. Volume can be selected by the participants. However, in order to prevent hearing loss the volume cannot exceed 80 decibels.
Participants will be instructed to remain seated and are not allowed to do anything else (for example using their phones), for a duration of 20 minutes.
Music listening Questionnaire
This questionnaire will consist of 7 open questions about music importance and music listening behavior. Participants will be asked to what extend they are a lover of music from a scale of 1 to 7, where a higher value is a higher amout of loving music. Next, participants will be asked how many minutes per day they listen actively and passively to music. Finally, participants will be asked in open questions about their favorite genres, their favorite moments of listening to music, if they play an instrument and if there is music that they dislike.
Time frame: At baseline. Measured at the same day as the experiment.
Pain intensity
Pain intensity will be measured using the Numeric Rating Scale. Values range from 0 to 10, with higher values indicating higher pain intensity.
Time frame: At the end of the intervention, immediately after each electric stimulus. Measured at the same day as the experiment.
Pain unpleasantness
Pain unpleasantness will be measured using the Numeric Rating Scale. Values range from 0 to 10, with higher values indicating higher pain unpleasantness.
Time frame: At the end of the intervention, immediately after each electric stimulus. Measured at the same day as the experiment.