The purpose of this study is to collect information on the: * general information of a group of people such as their age, sex * clinical information of the patients such as any other illness before having COVID 19. * the number of COVID-19 patients who meet and follow the most up to date World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for medication to treat COVID-19 (such as version 14, published 10Nov2023) compared to Kingdom of Bahrain national recommendations * adult COVID-19 patients' health care resource use and outcomes within the 28-day period In adult patients with COVID-19 who have been prescribed nirmatrelvir and ritonavir treatment. This study will be conducted in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The study will capture information of the adult COVID-19 outpatients and inpatients who have been prescribed nirmatrelvir, ritonavir treatment and those not treated with nirmatrelvir, ritonavir. This study will have about 3000 patients treated with Paxlovid™ therapy and 1000 were not. The study will involve collection of patient information from medical records. The information collected can be either from papers or from computers. The study will include patient information of those who: * had COVID-19 infection during the study period from 16 February 2022 to 30 November 2022. * are 18 years of age or older. This study will help to inform decision-making on use of Paxlovid at the national level.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
3,011
Patients receiving Nirmatrelvir; Ritonavir (PAXLOVID)
Patients who do not receive Nirmatrevir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)
Pfizer Gulf FZ
Busaiteen, Bahrain
Number of Participants Classified Based on Education
Baseline was defined as one year before the index date. Index date was Paxlovid prescription written date or dispense date; if neither of them were available, the COVID-19 diagnosis date was used as the index date.
Time frame: Baseline; from available retrospective data evaluated during 2 months of this study
Number of Participants Classified Based on Employment Status
Baseline was defined as one year before the index date. Index date was Paxlovid prescription written date or dispense date; if neither of them were available, the COVID-19 diagnosis date was used as the index date.
Time frame: Baseline; from available retrospective data evaluated during 2 months of this study
Height
Baseline was defined as one year before the index date. Index date was Paxlovid prescription written date or dispense date; if neither of them were available, the COVID-19 diagnosis date was used as the index date.
Time frame: Baseline; from available retrospective data evaluated during 2 months of this study
Weight
Baseline was defined as one year before the index date. Index date was Paxlovid prescription written date or dispense date; if neither of them were available, the COVID-19 diagnosis date was used as the index date.
Time frame: Baseline; from available retrospective data evaluated during 2 months of this study
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Baseline was defined as one year before the index date. Index date was Paxlovid prescription written date or dispense date; if neither of them were available, the COVID-19 diagnosis date was used as the index date.
Time frame: Baseline; from available retrospective data evaluated during 2 months of this study
Number of Participants Classified Based on Smoking Status
Baseline was defined as one year before the index date. Index date was Paxlovid prescription written date or dispense date; if neither of them were available, the COVID-19 diagnosis date was used as the index date.
Time frame: Baseline; from available retrospective data evaluated during 2 months of this study
Number of Participants With at Least 1 Pre-existing Comorbidities
Pre-existing comorbidities included: asthma, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypertension, diabetes, obesity, cerebrovascular disease, neurological disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, malignancy. Baseline was defined as one year before the index date. Index date was Paxlovid prescription written date or dispense date; if neither of them were available, the COVID-19 diagnosis date was used as the index date.
Time frame: Baseline; from available retrospective data evaluated during 2 months of this study
Number of Participants Who Took at Least 1 Concomitant Medications for Pre-existing Comorbidities
Baseline was defined as one year before the index date. Index date was Paxlovid prescription written date or dispense date; if neither of them were available, the COVID-19 diagnosis date was used as the index date.
Time frame: Baseline; from available retrospective data evaluated during 2 months of this study
Number of Participants Who Used Antibiotics
Time frame: Up to 24 months following COVID-19 diagnosis; from available retrospective data evaluated during 2 months of this study
Number of Participants With Hospitalization for Any Cause
Time frame: Up to 24 months following COVID-19 diagnosis; from available retrospective data evaluated during 2 months of this study
Number of Participants With Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Admission for Any Cause
Time frame: Up to 24 months following COVID-19 diagnosis; from available retrospective data evaluated during 2 months of this study
Number of Participants Classified According to Length of Stay (LOS) in ICU for Any Cause
Time frame: Up to 24 months following COVID-19 diagnosis; from available retrospective data evaluated during 2 months of this study
Number of Participants With Yes/no Questionnaire on Outpatient Visits
Time frame: Up to 24 months following COVID-19 diagnosis; from available retrospective data evaluated during 2 months of this study
Number of Participants With Emergency Room (ER) Visits for Any Cause
Time frame: Up to 24 months following COVID-19 diagnosis; from available retrospective data evaluated during 2 months of this study
Number of Participants With Supplemental Oxygen Usage
Time frame: Up to 24 months following COVID-19 diagnosis; from available retrospective data evaluated during 2 months of this study
Number of Participants With Vasopressor Use
Time frame: Up to 24 months following COVID-19 diagnosis; from available retrospective data evaluated during 2 months of this study
Number of Participants Who Used Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (IMV)
Time frame: Up to 24 months following COVID-19 diagnosis; from available retrospective data evaluated during 2 months of this study
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