This cluster-RCT evaluates the effect of therapeutic virtual reality (VR) on patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) who are on a waiting list to receive pain treatment. The used VR application, Reducept, offers pain education and pain management techniques. This home-based, stand-alone, immersive VR intervention was used daily for four weeks in the intervention group. The control group received standard care (no treatment). Primary outcome measure for this study was health-related quality of life, secondary outcome measures included various pain-related variables (e.g. pain self-efficacy and acceptance. Outcome variables will be measured after four weeks and follow-up after six months.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
53
Reducept is a novel VR intervention that consists of a combination of pain neuroscience education (PNE) and pain management techniques. It includes different psychological therapy modalities (e.g. acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and hypnotherapy) into a single application.
Deventer Ziekenhuis
Deventer, Overijssel, Netherlands
Roessingh rehabilitation center
Enschede, Overijssel, Netherlands
Nocepta
Hengelo, Overijssel, Netherlands
Revalidatie Friesland
Emmeloord, Provincie Friesland, Netherlands
Change in quality of life measured using the short-form 12 (SF-12)
This questionnaire on quality of life scores from 12 (worst possible score) to 56 (best possible score)
Time frame: Baseline, directly after the intervention, and at six months follow-up
Change in pain intensity measured using the numeric pain rating scale (NPRS)
This questionnaire on pain intensity scores from 0 (best possible score) to 100 (worst possible score)
Time frame: Baseline, directly after the intervention, and at six months follow-up
Change in pain catastrophizing measured using the pain catastrophizing scale (PCS)
This questionnaire on pain catastrophizing scores from 0 (best possible score) to 52 (worst possible score).
Time frame: Baseline, directly after the intervention, and at six months follow-up
Change in pain self-efficacy measured using the pain self-efficacy questionnaire (PSEQ)
This questionnaire scores from 0 (worst possible score) to 60 (best possible score).
Time frame: Baseline, directly after the intervention, and at six months follow-up
Change in pain acceptance measured using the chronic pain acceptance questionnaire (CPAQ-8)
This questionnaire scores from 0 (worst possible score) to 48 (best possible score).
Time frame: Baseline, directly after the intervention, and at six months follow-up
Change in feelings of anxiety and depression measured using the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS)
This questionnaire scores from 0 (worst possible score) to 42 (best possible score).
Time frame: Baseline, directly after the intervention, and at six months follow-up
Change in quality of care measured using the client satisfaction questionnaire (CSQ-8)
This questionnaire scores from 8 (worst possible score) to 32 (best possible score).
Time frame: Baseline, directly after the intervention, and at six months follow-up
Change in medication use measured using an open-ended question
This question inquires about current medication use
Time frame: Baseline, directly after the intervention, and at six months follow-up
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