Effect of Cryotherapy on Primary Dysmenorrhoea

Overview

Dysmenorrhea is a menstrual disorder defined by the presence of painful cramps of uterine origin that occur during menstruation. It is one of the most common causes of pelvic pain and short-term absenteeism from school or work, among young and adult women. Cryotherapy, therapeutic cooling, is one of the modalities widely used in sports medicine for a variety of treatment purposes. Physiological and neurological responses of musculoskeletal tissues to cooling have been extensively examined in the literature.

Dysmenorrhea is an existing mainstream gynecologic problem which habitually affects females of reproductive age. Dysmenorrhea is of two types: Primary dysmenorrhea and secondary dysmenorrhea :. primary dysmenorrhea is painful menstrual cramps without any evident pathology to account for them, and it occurs in up to 50% of menstruating females and causes significant disruption in quality of life and absenteeism. The main cause of primary dysmenorrhea is prostaglandin production. This is naturally present substance that is made by uterine cells. It helps in contraction of the muscles, thus assisting in shedding of the uterine lining every month. When the production of prostaglandin is high, it leads to excessive pain and cramps. The prostaglandin is the main cause of other symptoms associated with primary dysmenorrhea, like nausea and vomiting. Dysmenorrhea has a negative effect on a woman's life. It may be so severe as to confine the woman to bed during adolescence, dysmenorrhea leads to high rates of absence from school and non-participation in activities. Mild to moderate cases can usually be treated by reassurance and paracetamol Cryotherapy, a physical therapy modality, is widespread in clinical rehabilitation practice for the management of the inflammatory phase of tissue repair. It can decrease tissue temperature and subsequently reduce inflammatory symptoms such as pain and swelling. Generally, the mechanisms underlying the reduction of inflammatory symptoms by cryotherapy are associated with a decrease in tissue temperature and reduction of vasopermiability, blood flow, nerve conduction velocity, and cell metabolism . Core stability exercise has been known as a beneficial intervention in the management of several medical prob- lems. Core stability exercises strengthen and coordinate the muscles around the abdominal, lumbar, and pelvic regions Because it has been suggested that the core stability exercises mainly affect the lumbosacral muscles and increase blood supply in lumbosacral structures . the purpose of core strengthening is to combine the concepts of lumber stabilization and how instability can lead to injury and pain specifically during stressful times of the female body and one of these repetitive stressful times is dysmenorrhea. The lumber portion of spine is sturdy and designed to take the force of the body and it also involved in the origin and insertion of certain musculature and nerve innervations to their correlated areas. If at any time a certain part of the lumbar spine is weak, it is not as its optimal level to handle functional stress, which can result in pain throughout the abdomen, low back, or thighs. These areas just happen to be the same areas that are affected by females suffering from dysmenorrhea Core strengthening allows the small intrinsic musculature surrounding the lumbar spine to be conditioned for greater performance, this type of training allows for isolation and strengthening of core muscle groups. When these muscles are strong, they are much more prepared to handle daily forces of normal biomechanics, even when the body is under the stress of the menstrual cycle , Core strengthening is a description of the muscular control around the lumbar spine to maintain functional stability.

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