The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in patients with Treatment-refractory Tourette's syndrome (TR-TS) implantation targeting the Antero-medial globus pallidus interna (GPi), Antero-medial globus pallidus interna (amGPi), Postero-ventrolateral GPi (pvGPi), Centromedian nucleus, substantia periventricularis and nucleus ventro-oralis internus (Cm-Spv-Voi), Centre median nucleus and nucleus ventro-oralis (Cm-Voi), or Nucleus Accumbens/ Anterior Limb of Internal Capsule (NA-ALIC), or other unreported nuclei targets.
Tourette's Syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements and vocalizations known as tics. It typically manifests in childhood and may persist into adulthood. The prevalence of TS varies globally, affecting approximately 1% of the population. Males are more commonly affected than females, and there is a broad spectrum of symptom severity. Treatment-refractory Tourette's Syndrome (TR-TS) refers to cases where standard therapeutic interventions, such as behavioural therapy and medications, have shown limited effectiveness. TR-TS prevalence is relatively lower but highlights the challenges in managing severe and persistent symptoms. In a comprehensive survey of diverse neuromodulation therapies, targeting specific nuclei with DBS has the most potential for TR-TS with apparent symptoms. The stimulation targets of DBS for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder include GPi, amGPi, pvGPi, Cm-Spv-Voi, Cm-Voi, and NA-ALIC. However, the DBS case reports are limited and lack high-quality, evidence-based medical evidence. So, this cohort study focuses on the effectiveness of DBS-targeted GPi, amGPi, pvGPi, Cm-Spv-Voi, Cm-Voi, NA-ALIC, or other unreported nuclei targets on TR-TS. Another goal of this program is to study the neuronal activity of the GPi, amGPi, pvGPi, Cm-Spv-Voi, Cm-Voi, and NA-ALIC, or other unreported nuclei targets, respectively. At the same time, some subjects are presented with a task involving an unexpected reward. This separate study is an option and will not affect current study participation. Some participants will also be invited to join a related study that involves positron emission tomography (PET) scanning to determine how the stimulation changes activity in the brain. Participation in the separate PET study is optional and will not affect current study participation.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NA
The DBS lead is stereotactically introduced into the target in the brain (GPi, amGPi, pvGPi, Cm-Spv-Voi, Cm-Voi, NA-ALIC, or other unreported nuclei targets) and fixed to the skull; the lead is then connected to a neurostimulator implanted subcutaneously in the subclavicular region.
Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University
Beijing, China
Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS): Reduction in total tics on the YGTSS after 6 months
The YGTSS is a 10-item semi-structured clinician-rating instrument that evaluates motor and phonic symptoms' number, frequency, intensity, complexity, and interference. The items about the tic ratings are scored on two subscales: motor tics and phonic tics. Behaviors are rated on a 6-point scale. The Total Tic Severity Score ranges from 0-50, with a higher score indicating a higher severity of symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline to 6 months post-surgery
YGTSS-Total Motor: Change in YGTSS-Total Motor at week 2, month 3, month 6, and month 12.
The YGTSS motor tics are rated on a 6-point scale. The score ranges from 0-25, with a higher score indicating a higher severity of symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline to week 2, month 3, month 6, and month 12
YGTSS-Total Phonic: Change in YGTSS-Total phonic at week 2, month 3, month 6, and month 12.
The YGTSS phonic tics are rated on a 6-point scale. The score ranges from 0-25, with a higher score indicating a higher severity of symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline to week 2, month 3, month 6, and month 12
YGTSS: remission, and response rate
Remission (defined as YGTSS total score ≤14) at Week 2, Month 3, Month 6, and Month 12; response is a ≥35% reduction in YGTSS total score from baseline to Week 2, Month 3, Month 6, and Month 12.
Time frame: Baseline to week 2, month 3, month 6, and month 12
Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS): Change in Y-BOCS at week 2, month 3, month 6, and month 12.
The Y-BOCS scale is a clinician-rated, 10-item scale, each item rated from 0 (no symptoms) to 4 (extreme symptoms), yielding a total possible score range from 0 to 40. The total score is usually computed from the subscales for obsessions (items 1-5) and compulsions (items 6-10). The results can be interpreted based on the total score: 0-7 is sub-clinical; 8-15 is mild; 16-23 is moderate; 24-31 is severe; 32-40 is extreme. The Y-BOCS scale is a clinician-rated, 10-item scale, each item rated from 0 (no symptoms) to 4 (extreme symptoms), yielding a total possible score range from 0 to 40. The total score is usually computed from the subscales for obsessions (items 1-5) and compulsions (items 6-10). The results can be interpreted based on the total score: 0-7 is sub-clinical; 8-15 is mild; 16-23 is moderate; 24-31 is severe; 32-40 is extreme.
This platform is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional.
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
60
Time frame: Baseline to week 2, month 3, month 6, and month 12
Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA): the change from baseline to 2 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months in the HAMA total score.
HAMA is a 14-item test measuring the severity of anxiety symptoms. The total anxiety score ranges from zero to 56, with higher scores indicating more anxiety. The seven psychic anxiety items elicit a psychic anxiety score that ranges from 0 to 28. The remaining seven items yield a somatic anxiety score ranging from 0 to 28.
Time frame: Baseline to week 2, month 3, month 6, and month 12
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17): the changes of HAMD-17 scores and its subscales from baseline to 2 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months.
HAMD-17 ranges from 0 to 52, with higher scores indicating more depression; a score of 20 or more indicates moderate to severe depression.
Time frame: Baseline to week 2, month 3, month 6, and month 12
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI): the change of PSQI from baseline to Week 2, Month 3, Month 6, and Month 12.
Consisting of 19 items, the PSQI measures several aspects of sleep, offering seven component scores and one composite score. The component scores consist of subjective sleep quality, sleep latency (i.e., how long it takes to fall asleep), sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency (i.e., the percentage of time in bed that one is asleep), sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction. Each item is weighted on a 0-3 interval scale. The global PSQI score is then calculated by totaling the seven component scores, providing an overall score ranging from 0 to 21, where lower scores denote a healthier sleep quality.
Time frame: Baseline to week 2, month 3, month 6, and month 12
Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S): the change from baseline to 2 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S)
The clinical global impression-severity scale (CGI-S) is a 7-point scale that requires the clinician to rate the severity of the patient's illness at the time of assessment. Score 1 presents normal, not at all ill, and score 7 presents among the most extremely ill patients.
Time frame: Baseline to week 2, month 3, month 6, and month 12
Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I): CGI-I score at Week 2, Month 1, Month 3, Month 6, and Month 12.
The clinical global impression-improvement scale (CGI-I) is a 7-point scale that requires the clinician to assess how much the patient's illness has improved or worsened relative to a baseline state at the beginning of the intervention. Score 1 presents the patient as much improved, and score 7 presents much worse.
Time frame: Baseline to week 2, month 3, month 6, and month 12
EuroQol-5 Dimension-level Scale (EQ-5D-5L): the change from baseline to Week 2, Month 3, Month 6, and Month 12 in EQ-5D-5L.
EQ-5D-5L is an instrument that evaluates the generic quality of life. The descriptive system comprises five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has 5 levels: no problems, slight problems, moderate problems, severe problems, and extreme problems. The score ranges from 5 (having no problems) to 25 (being unable to do/having extreme problems).
Time frame: Baseline to week 2, month 3, month 6, and month 12
Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS): the change from baseline to Week 2, Month 1, Month 3, Month 6, and Month 12.
This scale has 11 items and is based on the patient's subjective report of his or her clinical condition over the previous 48 hours. There are four items that are graded on a 0 to 8 scale (irritability, speech, thought content, and disruptive/aggressive behavior), while the remaining seven items are graded on a 0 to 4 scale. Scores range from 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating more severe mania. A score of 0 to 5 means no obvious manic symptoms; a score of 6 to 10 means definite manic symptoms; a score of 22 or above means severe manic symptoms. It will be used as a systematic screen for DBS-induced mania or hypomania. Although scores above 8 have been considered evidence of manic symptomatology in bipolar patients, the unmasked physician will use this scale and screening questions to assess whether any hypomanic symptoms require clinical intervention including DBS adjustment.
Time frame: Baseline to week 2, month 3, month 6, and month 12
Safety as indicated by the number of Adverse Events: Week 2, Month 3, Month 6, and Month 12.
Possible Adverse Events include: Major and minor adverse events will be evaluated by Adverse Events Questionnaire (AEQ) and accompanying Case Report Form (AEQ CRF) in multiple domains, including psychiatric, neurological, and cognitive effects. The AEQ includes cognitive and behavioral screening items used in the Xuanwu DBS clinic for movement disorder patients. Additionally, we have added items for the adverse events observed in pilot DBS for TR-TS.
Time frame: Baseline to week 2, month 3, month 6, and month 12
Change from baseline in the Verbal Fluency Test (COWAT)
During the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT), individuals are tasked with verbally generating words starting with different letters of the alphabet. They have 60 seconds for each letter to retrieve and articulate as many words as possible. The test involves presenting three letters, each progressively more challenging in associative difficulty. Scores are derived by summing the total words produced across the three letter trials. The lowest achievable score is zero, indicating an inability to generate any words. There is no upper limit to the score as participants can produce numerous words for each letter. Higher scores reflect superior word retrieval and cognitive function.
Time frame: 1 year after neurostimulator implantation.
Change from baseline in the Trailmaking Test A&B
The Trail Making Test A and B assess cognitive shifting, visual search speed, scanning, processing speed, mental flexibility, and executive functioning. It evaluates the participant's capacity for sequencing (Parts A and B), cognitive set shifting (Part B), and processing speed (Parts A and B). Scores for Part A and Part B are calculated independently, indicating the number of seconds required for the participant to finish each section. Higher scores denote longer durations for completing the test.
Time frame: 1 year after neurostimulator implantation.
Change in Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test
The Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test (ROCF) is a neuropsychological assessment in which patients are asked to reproduce a complicated line drawing, first by copying it freehand (recognition), and then drawing from memory (recall). Scoring of drawings is based on the widely used 36-point scoring system (0 being the worst score and 36 the best).
Time frame: 1 year after neurostimulator implantation.