Underlying disease mechanisms are fundamental for correct treatment selection and patient management in highly invasive and debilitating non-transmissible diseases. Even though overall disease burden of cancer may have decreased due to a higher degree of awareness, the availability of high-quality healthcare and early diagnosis may become challenging in certain neoplasms. Cholangiocarcinoma is usually diagnosed at advanced stages due to non-specific presentation and is frequently refractory to chemotherapy, causing a massive impact on patients and their families. Surgery is currently the only curative treatment but is available to only approximately 30% of patients. The combination of interventional- and immune-oncology to standard of care creates the perfect substrate for synergistic mechanisms to fight tumor growth; in situ cell death following transarterial embolization(TARE) elicits immune mediated response, inflammatory response and biomarkers of oxidative stress and increases antigen presenting T-cells which an anti-anti progam death ligand (PD-L)1 can bind to; standard of care can then add on with its known effects.The rationale of a combined- locoregional and systemic - treatment lies in the synergistic effects of each of the treatments.
Tumors are highly selective and well defined abnormal cellular proliferations in which microenvironment plays an important role in response to treatment. Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), a tumor derived from the epithelia cells of the bile duct, is particularly invasive and malignant. Personalized treatment options with documented efficacy in patients with iCCA are still not available due to the complex and heterogenous molecular pathogenesis which has not been holistically described. Disease models have limited reproducibility; underlying chronic cholestatic disease, chronic inflammation and risk factors contribute to the complexity and diversity of tumor microenvironment. Although novel systemic therapeutic agents show improvement compared to standard of care chemotherapy, a significant percentage of patients still does not respond to treatment, maybe due to molecular/immunologic features which confer resistance. Local treatment prior to systemic therapy has shown to induce subtle changes in the tumor microenvironment and a systemic immune response: engagement of the immune system may therefore lead to enhanced and long term immunosurveillance and therefore, lasting benefits for cancer patients. Combined systemic treatment with an anti PD-L1, that binds to the programmed cell death protein 1, and the standard of care (SOC) protein kinase inhibitor sorafenib and gemcitabine (which inhibits DNA synthesis), have been used in clinical trials for other primary liver indications and in patients with biliary tract cancers (TOPAZ trial). Radioembolization (TARE) combines the embolization properties of microspheres with the radiant effect of Yttrium-90 (Y-90). The locally treated tumor tissue is left in place and releases tumor-associated antigens and danger-associated molecular peptides originating from dead or dying cancer cells which promote the activation of antigen presenting cells and anti-tumor CD8+T cells. The resulting development of a systemic immune response following local treatment may lead to tumor regression at different sites than the one treated locally, leading to the so-called abscopal effect. Comprehensive evaluations in patients undergoing combined treatment may allow a better understanding of tumor pathophysiology as well as the optimization of combined treatment schemes. This study will investigate the efficacy, primary endpoint overall response rate according to mRECIST (modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) , and safety of the association of locoregional radioembolization followed by the combination of standard of care (SOC) chemotherapy with Cisplatin and Gemcitabine and durvalumab in patients with liver predominant unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. The biological profile of patients prior to and following locoregional treatment and the effect of systemic therapy will be characterized in terms of potential biomarkers such as quantitative non-invasive radiological based parameters, tumor tissue profiling and evaluation of biological substrates to help define and stratify patients with higher response and better outcome.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NA
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
33
Radioembolization with Y-90 will be performed in nominal day 0
Following radioembolization, for 6 cycles -intravenous infusion on day 1 of each cycle
Following radioembolization, for 6 cycles -intravenous infusion on day 1 and 8 of each cycle
Following radioembolization, for 6 cycles -intravenous infusion on day 1 and 8 of each cycle
Department of Radiology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele
Milan, Italy
RECRUITINGOverall response rate (ORR)
mRECIST criteria on imaging (modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria)
Time frame: 6 months post TARE
Number of participants with treatment-related adverse events as assessed by CTCAE v4.0
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 2 years
Median progression free survival
mRECIST criteria
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 12 months
Overall response rate
mRECIST criteria
Time frame: 3 months post TARE
Overall response rate
RECIST 1.1 criteria
Time frame: 3 months post TARE
Overall response rate
mRECIST
Time frame: Approximately 6 months post TARE
Overall response rate
RECIST 1.1 criteria
Time frame: Approximately 6 months post TARE
Tumor circulating markers tumor tissue-based markers tumor circulating markers tumor tissue-based markers
Cytokine profile assay
Time frame: At the begining of Cycle 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (each cycle is 21 days)
Tumor circulating markers
Flow cytometry analysis
Time frame: At the begining of Cycle 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (each cycle is 21 days)
Tumor tissue based evaluation
Biopsy - histopathology diagnosis
Time frame: During study conduction, at baseline
Tumor tissue-based markers tumor tissue-based markers tumor circulating markers tumor tissue-based markers
Biopsy - gene expression
Time frame: During study conduction, at baseline
Tumor tissue-based markers tumor tissue-based markers tumor circulating markers tumor tissue-based markers
Biopsy - gene expression
Time frame: During study conduction, prior to the begining of Cycle 1 (each cycle is 21 days)
Tumor tissue-based markers tumor circulating markers tumor tissue-based markers
Biopsy - immune landscape
Time frame: During study conduction, at baseline
Tumor tissue-based markers tumor circulating markers tumor tissue-based markers
Biopsy - immune landscape
Time frame: During study conduction, prior to the begining of Cycle 1 (each cycle is 21 days)
Tumor tissue-based markers tumor circulating markers tumor tissue-based markers
Biopsy - Immuno histochemistry (IHC)
Time frame: During study conduction, at baseline
Tumor tissue-based markers tumor circulating markers tumor tissue-based markers
Biopsy - Immuno histochemistry (IHC)
Time frame: During study conduction, prior to the beginning of Cycle 1 (each cycle is 21 days)
Quantitative imaging based biomarkers
Software extracted quantitive parameters
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 2 years
Quantitative biomarkers
Imaging based software extracted radiomic features
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 2 years
Overall Survival (OS)
Overall Survival (OS)
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 2 years (right censored)
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