Discovering Urinary Protein Biomarkers for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis B Population

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Age \> 18 years old; 2. Previously healthy individuals without underlying diseases, confirmed to be free of hepatitis B infection through HBV serum markers, with regular physical examinations and blood biochemistry tests; 3. Chronic hepatitis B patients diagnosed through HBV serum markers, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentration, clinical features, or imaging examinations; 4. Hepatitis B-related liver cancer patients with complete clinical data, preoperatively tested positive for HBsAg, diagnosed based on clinical features and imaging examinations preoperatively, and pathologically confirmed with HCC postoperatively; 5. Patients with non-hepatocellular liver cancer, preoperatively diagnosed based on clinical features and imaging examinations, with negative HBsAg, and pathologically or by biopsy confirmed as non-hepatocellular liver cancer without liver metastasis, with complete clinical data and no liver metastasis; 6. Able to independently sign an informed consent form. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Patients with long-term heavy alcohol consumption; 2. Patients with chronic hepatitis C infection; 3. Patients with autoimmune diseases; 4. Patients who have taken drugs known to have definite hepatotoxicity within the past year; 5. Patients with urinary system infections; 6. Patients with hematuria; 7. Patients with significant proteinuria; 8. Patients with tumors of the urinary system; 9. Patients with acute infectious diseases; 10. Patients with hepatitis B-related liver cancer who also have tumors other than primary hepatocellular carcinoma.