EDN and Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Eosinophilic esophagitis is a chronic, inflammatory digestive disease of immunological and allergic origin, secondary to eosinophilic infiltration of the esophageal mucosa leading to esophageal dysfunction. It is an emerging disease whose incidence has been rising in pediatrics over recent decades, with an estimated annual incidence of 3 to 12 / 100,000 and a prevalence between 22 and 49 / 100,000. It is the second most common cause of chronic esophagitis, after peptic esophagitis. There are chronic symptoms (severe reflux, dysphagia, sensation of food blockage and need to drink water during meals to swallow), or sometimes acutely (e.g. sudden food impaction during a meal, with hypersialorrhea), requiring emergency endoscopy. It can be complicated by esophageal fibrosis, stenosis, or esophageal perforation. The diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis is histological, based on the demonstration of \> 15 eosinophils/field (magnification x 400) on at least one esophageal biopsy. Several therapies have been tried and tested over the years: proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), eviction diets, local corticosteroid therapy and, more recently, immunotherapies. To confirm remission of the disease or justify changes in treatment, endoscopic re-evaluation is regularly required (every 8 to 12 weeks after the introduction of a new treatment, then annually during maintenance treatment or earlier in the event of clinical relapse). Patient follow-up therefore requires numerous digestive endoscopies, mostly performed under general anesthesia in pediatrics, an invasive procedure with a potential risk of complications. The identification of non-invasive biomarkers of active eosinophilic esophagitis would enable us to propose a diagnostic and follow-up strategy better adapted to clinical practice and better tolerated by patients. EDN, Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin, is a protein secreted when eosinophils are activated. Serum EDN has been extensively studied in atopy. In eosinophilic esophagitis, it appears to correlate significantly with the densitý of eosinophils on esophageal biopsies and would therefore be higher in patients with active eosinophilic esophagitis than in controls. Some teams have even proposed cut-off values for blood EDN using ROC curves to optimize the sensitivitý and specificitý of this marker for the diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis in pediatrics. Serum EDN appears to decrease significantly in patients under treatment. Other studies have focused́ on EDN on esophageal biopsies. A 2010 study assessed the distribution of intra- and extracellular EDN deposits on esophageal biopsies from patients followed up for eosinophilic esophagitis and in controls, using an immunofluorescence technique. EDN staining was clearly observed in biopsies from all patients, and absent or very weak in control subjects. However, conclusions concerning the correlation between tissue EDN and eosinophilic infiltration density differ. The most recent data concern esophageal brush EDN, performed directly during digestive endoscopy or indirectly via a weighted oro-esophageal system. Luminal EDN was significantly higher in patients with active eosinophilic esophagitis than in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis in remission, gastroesophageal reflux disease or controls. It is even predictive of response to PPI therapy. EDN and other endoluminal markers were predictive of disease activity, including the development of secondary fibrosis and other complications. Urinary EDN has been analyzed in atopic diseases, notably asthma and atopic dermatitis. It appears to be associated with eosinophil activity in these allergic diseases. There are no studies of urinary EDN in eosinophilic esophagitis. To date, no studies have been carried out on the correlation between the different EDN assays. EDN seems promising, but the identification of other biomarkers correlated with eosinophilic esophagitis activity is an additional challenge to enable the creation of models combining several biomarkers predictive of eosinophilic density on esophageal biopsies. To this end, more precise knowledge of the immunologic, allergologic and metabolomic signature of this disease seems invaluable. A study published in 2023 carried out an analysis of immune system activation from esophageal biopsies and blood samples, as well as an untargeted metabolomics analysis from blood samples. The results of this study suggest that a plasma signature specific to eosinophilic esophagitis could be identified from metabolomic data and cytokine information. Finally, microbiota have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several digestive and extra-digestive allergic and inflammatory diseases, such as asthma and eczema. Only four studies have recently explored the role of esophageal, salivary and fecal microbiota in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Dysbiosis has been described, with an increased esophageal microbial load and a particular abundance of certain species (Haemophilus, Streptococcus) compared to control subjects, lower salivary bacterial diversity, and a similar fecal microbiota in patients and controls. Nevertheless, there is little direct evidence to demonstrate the influence of esophageal and/or salivary microbiota on inflammation and disease. The investigator hypothesize that a peripheral signature of the disease correlates with the esophageal eosinophilic infiltrate. The investigator believe that not only urinary, serum and endoluminal EDN concentrations, but also serum and esophageal cytokine profiles and esophageal metabolomics correlate with eosinophilic infiltration on esophageal biopsies, and thus correlate with disease activity in patients with active eosinophilic esophagitis. In patients with eosinophilic esophagitis in remission and in controls, the investigator expect to observe normal or low EDN values and a different cytokine profile compared with patients with active eosinophilic esophagitis. The investigator also expect to observe esophageal and salivary dysbiosis in patients with active eosinophilic esophagitis. In terms of clinical prospects, the investigator hope that these results will enable the development of non-invasive biomarker panels predictive of disease activity, and thus limit the number of digestive endoscopies required to monitor patients. The study will be carried out on a cohort of pediatric patients followed in the pediatric nutrition and gastroenterology department of the Trousseau-APHP hospital and hospitalized for upper GI endoscopy, either as part of a suspected case of eosinophilic esophagitis, or during follow-up of a previously known case of eosinophilic esophagitis. Written consent will be obtained from parents, and from children according to their level of understanding. Blood sample on the catheter required for general anesthesia, an unstimulated saliva collection, per-endoscopic esophageal brushing and 4 additional esophageal biopsies will be taken during digestive endoscopy. A urine sample and a stool sample will also be collected during hospitalization for digestive endoscopy. Depending on the histological results and the eosinophilic densitý on the biopsies, which corresponds to the gold standard for making the diagnosis and assessing the activity of eosinophilic esophagitis, subjects will be classified either in the "patient with active eosinophilic esophagitis" group, the "patient with eosinophilic esophagitis in remission" group, or the "patient without eosinophilic esophagitis" group, which will correspond to a comparator control group. This group will therefore be defined a posteriori. Urinary, serum and endoluminal esophageal brushing EDN values will be measured by ELISA or qPCR at INRAe or Pitié-Salpêtrière. Total and specific IgE, Phadiatop®, tryptase, CBC and eosinophil activation tests will be performed at the Groupe Hospitalier de l'Est Parisien biochemistry-allergology laboratory. If the Phadiatop® test is positive, additional tests will be carried out on the blood already collected to determine the level of pneumoallergen-specific IgE. Analysis of cytokine profiles on blood samples and esophageal biopsies, as well as non-targeted metabolomic analyses, will be carried out at INRAe in a second phase, once all samples have been taken. In addition, extractions of salivary, esophageal and fecal bacterial and fungal DNA will be performed at INRAe, and sequencing at the @Bridge platform. On the day of the digestive endoscopy, children and/or their parents will complete the PedsQL® and PEESS questionnaires. Our main objective is to evaluate the correlation of EDN in urine, blood and esophageal brushings with the eosinophilic infiltrate counted on esophageal biopsies. Then, the concentration of a panel of cytokines in blood and esophageal biopsies, the allergic sensitization profile in blood and esophageal biopsies, and an untargeted description of esophageal metabolomics will be compared between groups. Our secondary objective is to study the esophageal, salivary and fecal microbiota in these same patients in order to describe the composition, alpha and beta-diversity of bacterial and mycological flora between patients and controls, as well as their association with pathology, and to propose possible alternative therapies aimed at modulating the esophageal and/or salivary microbiota in the management of eosinophilic esophagitis. Primary and secondary outcomes are detailed below.