Comparison of Short-term Outcomes of Robotic and Laparoscopic Surgery in Patients With Different Body Mass Index for Mid and Low Rectal Cancer

Inclusion Criteria: The inclusion decision was made based on the following criteria: the results of the preoperative evaluation revealed the existence of adenocarcinoma in the middle to lower rectum (less than 10 centimeters distant from the anal edge); received a drastic operation that might have been laparoscopic or robotic and was based on the principle of TME; distant metastases that are non-conformist or heteroclinic, and there are no additional malignant tumors present at the same time as the operation. Exclusion Criteria: a high tumor location that was more than 10 centimeters away from the anal margin; surgery was unsuccessful in completing anal preservation due to invasion of the external anal sphincter; cancerous obstruction or perforation; severe cardiopulmonary dysfunction classified as stage IV according to the ASA score; and poor preoperative anal function; any resection that is performed in combination, rather than being a R0 resection.