The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if different types of heart rate control work to improve the clinical outcomes of patients with atrial fibrillation related to rheumatic mitral stenosis in terms of reducing hospitalizations, improving quality of life, and enhancing physical functional capacities. The two types of heart rate (HR) control are strict (resting HR of 60-80 bpm) versus lenient (resting HR of 81-110 bpm) rate control strategies. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Can lenient versus strict heart rate control reduce rehospitalization in patients with atrial fibrillation and rheumatic mitral stenosis? * Does lenient versus strict heart rate control improve the quality of life (QoL) in patients with atrial fibrillation and rheumatic mitral stenosis? * Does lenient versus strict heart rate control enhance functional capacity in patients with atrial fibrillation and rheumatic mitral stenosis? Researchers will compare strict rate control to lenient rate control to see if a particular rate control strategy is non-inferior to the other. Participants will: * Take standardized drugs as per PERKI (Indonesian Heart Association) guidelines for Atrial Fibrillation, which would be either beta-blockers, digoxin, or in combination. This standardized treatment of Atrial Fibrillation will be monitored once every month to see if the dose needs to be titrated in order to reach targeted heart rate control. * After the target of HR control is reached, the participant will be followed up every two weeks via telephone to check for any signs and symptoms. * Furthermore, after the HR target is reached, the participant will visit the cardiology outpatient clinics once every month for 3 consecutive months to see the clinical outcomes of hospitalization, QoL via SF-36 questionnaire, and functional capacities with 6MWT (6-minute walk test). * Additionally, the cardiac function would be evaluated by echocardiography at the baseline (time of enrollment) and at the end of the follow up period.
Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) often begins with untreated Group A Streptococcal infections leading to acute rheumatic fever and potentially progressing to Mitral Stenosis (MS), a condition characterized by the narrowing of the mitral valve that disrupts normal blood flow and increases atrial pressure. This pathology is closely associated with Atrial Fibrillation (AF), the most common arrhythmia in patients with MS, affecting 30-40% of such patients, with prevalence increasing with age and disease duration. The management of AF in this group focuses on anticoagulation to prevent thromboembolic events and heart rate control through medications like beta-blockers and digitalis to improve symptoms and cardiac efficiency. Despite the guidance provided by the Rate Control Efficacy in Permanent Atrial Fibrillation (RACE II) trial, which showed non-inferiority of lenient rate control (resting heart rate \<110 bpm) compared to strict control (resting heart rate \<80 bpm) in reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, no studies have specifically explored these strategies in patients with AF and rheumatic MS. This research gap underscores the importance of our study, aiming to assess the safety and efficacy of lenient versus strict rate control in this distinct clinical subset, potentially offering critical insights that could lead to optimized, personalized treatment protocols for these high-risk patients. The objective of this clinical trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of different heart rate control strategies in improving clinical outcomes for patients with atrial fibrillation associated with rheumatic mitral stenosis. The outcomes of interest include reducing hospitalizations, enhancing quality of life, and improving functional capacities within three months follow-up period. The study compares two heart rate control strategies: strict control, with a target resting heart rate of 60-80 beats per minute (bpm), and lenient control, with a target resting heart rate of 81-110 bpm. The primary research questions are: * Can lenient versus strict heart rate control reduce rehospitalization in patients with atrial fibrillation and rheumatic mitral stenosis? * Does lenient versus strict heart rate control improve quality of life in these patients? * Does lenient versus strict heart rate control enhance their functional capacity? To determine whether one strategy is non-inferior to the other, researchers will compare strict and lenient rate control outcomes. Participants will: * Receive standardized pharmacological treatment according to the PERKI (Indonesian Heart Association) guidelines for Atrial Fibrillation, potentially including beta-blockers, digoxin, or a combination thereof. This treatment regimen will be monitored monthly to adjust dosages and achieve the targeted heart rate. * Once the target heart rate is achieved, participants will undergo bi-weekly telephone follow-ups to monitor for any signs and symptoms. * Additionally, after reaching the heart rate target, participants will attend monthly follow-up visits at the cardiology outpatient clinic for three consecutive months to assess clinical outcomes, including hospitalization rates, quality of life via the SF-36 questionnaire, and functional capacity using the 6-minute walk test (6MWT). * Cardiac function will be evaluated through echocardiography at the time of enrollment and at the end of the follow-up period. The study has been approved by Health Research Ethics Committee from the main hospital (Saiful Anwar Hospital) and the satellite hospitals, i.e. Dr. Iskak Regional General Hospital and Prima Husada Sukorejo Hospital. The participants and the outcome assessors will be blinded to ensure the objectiveness, whereas the care providers would oversee the standardized treatments and heart rate control targets.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE
Enrollment
100
Patients diagnosed with atrial fibrillation due to moderate to severe rheumatic mitral stenosis (AF-RMS) and undergoing treatment will receive care in accordance with the PERKI (Indonesian Heart Association) guidelines for Atrial Fibrillation. The selection and titration of rate control medications, including β-blockers, digoxin, or their combination, will be managed by the attending cardiologists (care providers) to achieve the target rate control.
Saiful Anwar Hospital
Malang, East Java, Indonesia
RECRUITINGPrima Husada Sukorejo Hospital
Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia
NOT_YET_RECRUITINGDr. Iskak Regional General Hospital
Tulungagung, East Java, Indonesia
RECRUITINGNumber of Hospitalizations
Patients were hospitalized at least once during the follow-up period due to worsening functional class, treated at the research hospital or at other facilities. Primary data were obtained based on the results of interviews with patients and/or their families, as well as from medical record data (numerical scale).
Time frame: 0-3 months
Quality of Life as Measured by the Short Form-36 (SF-36) Questionnaire
The SF-36 is a validated, patient-reported survey used widely to measure health-related quality of life. It encompasses eight scales: vitality, physical functioning, bodily pain, general health perceptions, physical role functioning, emotional role functioning, social role functioning, and mental health. The SF-36 will be measured at the end of follow up period.
Time frame: 3 months
Functional Capacity as Measured by 6-Minutes Walk Test (6MWT)
The 6MWT is a well-established, practical test widely used in clinical settings to assess the exercise tolerance and functional status of patients, particularly those with cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions. The 6MWT will be administered at the end of the study period, which is 3 months from baseline.
Time frame: 3 months
Change of Quality of Life as Measured by the Short Form-36 (SF-36) Questionnaire
The SF-36 is a validated, patient-reported survey used widely to measure health-related quality of life. It encompasses eight scales: vitality, physical functioning, bodily pain, general health perceptions, physical role functioning, emotional role functioning, social role functioning, and mental health. The SF-36 will be measured twice, i.e. at the time of enrollment (baseline) and at the end of follow up period.
Time frame: 0-3 months
Change of Functional Capacity as Measured by 6-Minutes Walk Test (6MWT)
The 6MWT is a well-established, practical test widely used in clinical settings to assess the exercise tolerance and functional status of patients, particularly those with cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions. The 6MWT will be administered at baseline and at the end of the study period, which is 3 months from baseline.
Time frame: 0-3 months
Change of Metabolic Equivalents (METs) as Estimated from 6-Minutes Walk Test (6MWT)
The 6MWT measures the distance a person can walk on a flat, hard surface in a period of six minutes and is primarily used to evaluate a person's functional exercise capacity. While it is not designed to directly measure metabolic equivalents (METs), which quantify the energy cost of physical activities as a multiple of resting metabolic rate, it's possible to make a rough estimation. METs are a useful measure in exercise physiology because they help compare the energy expenditure of different activities. One MET is defined as the energy it costs to sit quietly, which is equivalent to a resting oxygen uptake of approximately 3.5 ml/kg/min for an average adult. To estimate METs, we first calculate the average speed (km/h) during the 6MWT distance (m) and use it to estimate the METs based on typical energy expenditures for walking speeds.The METs will be measured twice, i.e. at the time of enrollment (baseline) and at the end of follow up period.
Time frame: 0-3 months
Change of VO2max as Estimated from 6-Minutes Walk Test (6MWT)
Researchers have developed equations that can provide an estimated VO2max based on the distance walked during the 6MWT. These formulas take into account the fact that the distance walked in six minutes correlates with functional aerobic capacity. One such equation is: Estimated VO2max = (Distance in meters - 504.3)/44.73) This equation gives an estimated VO2max in mL/kg/min. The VO2max will be calculated at baseline and at the end of the study period, which is 3 months from baseline.
Time frame: 0-3 months
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