The primary aim of the current study will be to use the duration until the first postoperative analgesic requirement after two different block techniques to compare the analgesic effect. The secondary aims will be to compare the two methods for postoperative Children's Hospital Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS) scores, complications and parental satisfaction scores.
Hypospadias, seen in every 200-300 births, is one of the most common congenital anomalies of the penis and is defined as the urethral meatus being located in the ventral part of the penis instead of its normal place. Although current guidelines propose an optimal age for hypospadias repair of 6-18 months , patient ages vary widely, from infants to adults, in daily practice. According to the literature, hypospadias surgery can be performed in a wide age range of 6 months-12 years. The age of the patients undergoing hypospadias surgery in our country can vary between 1 and 10 years. The surgery of this anomaly is very painful in the postoperative period and requires long-term analgesia. Regional anesthesia methods combined with general anesthesia play an important role in providing effective and long-term postoperative pain control in pediatric penile surgery. These methods also reduce postoperative morbidity, enable early mobilization and significantly decrease the need for narcotic analgesics. A dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB) and caudal epidural block (CEB) are commonly used regional anesthesia techniques for postoperative pain control in hypospadias repair. CEB is the more commonly used neuraxial block method for providing effective postoperative analgesia in lower abdominal, urogenital and lower extremity surgical operations in pediatric patients. However, it has recently been suggested in the literature that peripheral nerve blocks should be preferred to neuraxial blocks as they provide longer-term analgesia and have fewer side effects. DPNB is a peripheral nerve block method that has been widely used for various penile operations since it will be first defined in the mid-1970s. This method is mostly used with the landmark technique. It will be first used by Sandeman et al via the out-of-plane technique with ultrasound (US) and will be reported to provide effective analgesia in the postoperative period. Suleman et al described DPNB for the first time with the in-plane technique, indicating that the tissue and neurovascular structures of the penis could be better distinguished in the transverse plane in ultrasound (US). A limited number of studies have shown the technique to provide more effective and longer term postoperative analgesia compared to the landmark technique and CEB.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
26
After placing the patient in the left lateral position (hips and knees flexed) following monitoring and induction of anaesthesia, the field will be sterilized with 70% alcohol in 2% chlorhexidine. Initial scanning in the transverse plane allows for visualization of the midline and identification of the sacrococcygeal ligament between the 2 sacral cornua. The 2 cornua resemble the 2 eyes of a frog and thus are collectively called the frog-eye sign. The US probe is then rotated 90 degrees to acquire a longitudinal view. The needle is then advanced at a 20-degree angle with needle tip and length visualization Once the needle is confirmed to be in the caudal space on the screen, carefully aspirate to confirm absence of CSF or blood. A slow injection of the local anaesthetic can then be performed, dose of (0.2 mL/kg 0.25% bupivacaine and 1 μg/kg of dexmedetomidine
after general anesthesia induction. With the patient in the supine position. After skin sterilization the US linear probe will be transversely placed on the root of the penis. After placing the penis in gentle traction, a50 mm block needle will be inserted from the lateral part of the penis root towards the dorsal section of the penis with the in-plane technique, It will be advanced through Dartos fascia until resistance to the needle disappeared. Once the superficial sheath will be passed, the tip of the needle will be advanced into Buck's fascia and then positioned between Buck's fascia and tunica albuginea, lateral to the dorsal artery. After making sure there will be no blood with negative aspiration, half of the total 0.2 mL/kg dose of 0.25% bupivacaine will be administered while observing its distribution with US. The same procedure will be then repeated on the other side of the penis.
postoperative pain and analgesic requirement after two different block techniques to compare the analgesic effect.
Postoperative pain will be assessed using the Children's Hospital Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS) score at 30 minutes, 1, 2, 6, 12 and 24 hours. the minimum score is 4 (better outcome) and the maximum score is 13 (worse outcome). A score ≥ 5 should be considered sufficient to administer an analgesic to the child, where a score of ≥ 8 makes it a requirement to administer an analgesic to the child.
Time frame: 24 hours after the end of surgery
Postoperative complications
Postoperative complications as nausea, vomiting, urinary retention, lower limb numbness, motor block, and ecchymosis or hematoma at site of injection will be recorded.
Time frame: 24 hours after the end of surgery
Postoperative Parental satisfaction
Parental satisfaction score will be determined 24 h after the surgery by an anesthetist blinded to the study groups. The child's comfort, activity level and the presence or absence of pain will be used to determine the result as 1 (unsatisfied), 2 (satisfied or good), or 3 (very satisfied or excellent)
Time frame: 24 hours post-operatively
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