The goal of this randomized clinical trial is to investigate if a brief psychological treatment called Behavioral Activation (BA) works to prevent and treat depression in older adults in a municipal context in Sweden. It will also learn about the patients' and therapists' experiences of the BA-treatment. The main questions it aims to answer are if the BA-treatment has an effect on the short and long term on: * Depressive symptoms * Anxiety symptoms * Self-rated activation * Functional ability * Loneliness * Self efficacy * Mental wellbeing * Quality of life * Need for community care services All participants will continue their care as usual (CAU), and half of the participants will be randomized to receive a five-session BA-treatment spread over two months as an add-on to CAU. All participants will answer a questionnaire in the beginning of the study, after two months, and after 3-, 6- and 12 months.
One third of the Swedish population aged 70 years and above report depressive symptoms, and between 5 - 15% have a major depressive disorder. Depression in older adults reduces quality of life and functional ability, and is associated with an increased risk for morbidity and mortality. Psychological treatment is considered a first-line treatment for depression, but is currently only offered to about 3% of older adults with depression in Sweden. A majority of older adults suffering from depression in Sweden are likely not to be identified and diagnosed, and thereby not treated for their depression. Furthermore, many older adults receive municipal care, and psychological treatment is currently not available in this context. The goal of this randomized clinical trial is to investigate if a brief psychological treatment called Behavioral Activation (BA) works to prevent and treat depression in older adults in a municipal context in Sweden. It will also learn about the patients' and therapists' experiences of the BA-treatment. The therapists in the trial are social workers working in Eskilstuna municipality in Sweden. All participants will continue their care as usual (CAU), and half of the participants will be randomized to receive a five-session BA-treatment spread over two months as an add-on to CAU. The BA-treatment will be delivered in the participants' home. All participants will answer a questionnaire in the beginning of the study, after two months, and after 3-, 6- and 12 months. The main questions that the trial aims to answer are if the BA-treatment has an effect on the short and long term on: * Depressive symptoms * Anxiety symptoms * Self-rated activation * Functional ability * Loneliness * Self efficacy * Mental wellbeing * Quality of life * Need for community care services
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
160
A five-session brief behavioral activation treatment delivered face-to-face in the participants' home. Session outline: Session 1: Psychoeducation about depression; treatment rationale for Behavioral Activation (BA); rationale and instructions for activity log Session 2: Discussion of life goals and values; planning of activities aligned with life goals and values for coming week Session 3: Troubleshooting any problems carrying out activities; planning activities aligned with life goals and values for coming week. Session 4: Troubleshooting any problems carrying out activities; planning activities aligned with life goals and values for the coming week; instructing the participant to independently continue to plan activities for the coming month. Session 5: Troubleshooting any problems carrying out activities; reviewing treatment; stressing the importance of continuing to engage in activities aligned with life goals and values; creating a maintenance plan.
Care as Usual provided by primary care and/or municipal care.
Eskilstuna kommun
Eskilstuna, Sörmland, Sweden
RECRUITINGMontgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, MADRS-S
Depressive symptoms will be measured with the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Self-rating Scale (MADRS-S). The MADRS-S is a nine-item questionnaire designed to measure depression severity during the past two weeks. The total score ranges from 0-54, with higher scores indicating higher depression severity.
Time frame: Baseline; post-intervention or equivalent for control group 9 weeks after baseline; 3-, 6- and 12 months post-intervention or equivalent for control group
Geriatric Depression Scale 15, GDS-15
Depressive symptoms and depression diagnoses will also be measured using the Geriatric Depression Rating Scale 15-item short form (GDS-15), a 15-item questionnaire used to identify depression in older individuals with scores ranging from 0-15, with higher scores indicating higher depression severity.
Time frame: Baseline; post-intervention or equivalent for control group 9 weeks after baseline; 3-, 6- and 12 months post-intervention or equivalent for control group
Geriatric Anxiety Scale 10, GAS-10
Anxiety symptoms will be measured with the Geriatric Anxiety Scale - 10 item version (GAS-10), with a score ranging from 0 - 30, with higher scores indicating higher levels of anxiety.
Time frame: Baseline; post-intervention or equivalent for control group 9 weeks after baseline; 3-, 6- and 12 months post-intervention or equivalent for control group
WHO disability assessment schedule 12-item, WHODAS-12
Functional impairment will be assessed with the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 12-item (WHODAS-12), a self-rating scale with 12 items ranging from 0 - 48, with higher scores indicating more functional impairment.
Time frame: Baseline; post-intervention or equivalent for control group 9 weeks after baseline; 3-, 6- and 12 months post-intervention or equivalent for control group
Behavioral activation for depression scale - short form, BADS-SF
Self-rated avoidance and activation will be measured using the Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale - Short Form (BADS-SF), a 9-item scale with scores ranging from 0 - 54, with higher scores indicating a higher degree of activation and lower degree of avoidance.
Time frame: Baseline; post-intervention or equivalent for control group 9 weeks after baseline; 3-, 6- and 12 months post-intervention or equivalent for control group
UCLA Loneliness Scale version 3, UCLA-LS 3
Subjective feelings of loneliness and social isolation will be measured using the UCLA Loneliness Scale version 3 (UCLA-LS 3), a 20-item scale with scores ranging from 20 - 80 points, with higher scores indicating higher loneliness.
Time frame: Baseline; post-intervention or equivalent for control group 9 weeks after baseline; 3-, 6- and 12 months post-intervention or equivalent for control group
The New General Self-Efficacy Scale, S-GSE
New General Self-Efficacy Scale (S-GSE) is an 10-item measure with scores ranging between 10 - 40 points, that assesses how much people believe they can achieve their goals, despite difficulties. Higher scores indicate higher levels of self-efficacy.
Time frame: Baseline; post-intervention or equivalent for control group 9 weeks after baseline; 3-, 6- and 12 months post-intervention or equivalent for control group
EuroQol-5 Dimensions-5 Level Scale, EQ-5D-5L
Health related quality of life and estimation of quality-adjusted life years (QALY) for health economic evaluations will be measured using the EuroQol-5 Dimensions-5 Level Scale (EQ-5D-5L), a 5-item scale ranging between 1 - 5 per item, measuring health status with regards to mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. The Eq-5D-5L also has an overall health scale where the rater selects a number between 1-100 to describe the condition of their health, with higher scores indicating better overall health.
Time frame: Baseline; post-intervention or equivalent for control group 9 weeks after baseline; 3-, 6- and 12 months post-intervention or equivalent for control group
Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale, SWEMWBS
Self-rated mental wellbeing will be measured with the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (SWEMWBS), a 7-item scale with scores ranging from 7 - 35, with higher scores indicating higher positive mental wellbeing.
Time frame: Baseline; post-intervention or equivalent for control group 9 weeks after baseline; 3-, 6- and 12 months post-intervention or equivalent for control group
Need for municipal care service
Need for municipal care service will be measured by recording types of services and number of hours granted by the municipality for each participant.
Time frame: Baseline; post-intervention or equivalent for control group 9 weeks after baseline; 3-, 6- and 12 months post-intervention or equivalent for control group
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