Excess energy, obesity and obesity-related diseases are important global health issues. Although it is known that obesity is an issue of energy balance, the components of energy expenditure seem to be inter-related in complex non-additive ways. The aim of this study is to explore the downstream impacts of exercise on short term changes in both expenditure and energy intake. The primary question the investigators are asking is whether moderate to high intensity exercise influences the basal energy expenditure and/or energy intake/macronutrient preference in young adult males? (A similar study will be performed on females in a different registration). The investigators will use a specially designed feeding table to measure energy intake and macronutrient intake, which is easy to quantify intake compensation. Basal metabolism will be measured by hood indirect calorimetry. The investigators will explore the factors that influence the level of compensation in expenditure and intake, in particular body composition. Participants will be asked to come to the lab after 10 hours fast for body composition tests including Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry(DXA), Magnetic Resonance Image(MRI) and Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis(BIA). They will then be asked (not) to do 30 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous exercise after an energy-limiting breakfast, during which metabolic rate levels and changes in dietary composition will be recorded by gas exchange and standardized buffet. In addition, participants' subjective hunger and preferences will also be recorded by questionnaires. Venous blood will be collected to measure metabolic and hormone factors, blood glucose will be measured by Continuous Blood Glucose Monitor (CGM).
81 participants will be recruited by posters and Wechat. The sample size is calculated using the paired t-test in power analysis, in which α value is 0.05, β value is 0.8, standard deviation is 372 (calculated from the energy intake data in the preliminary trial), and the difference is 108. The alternative hypothesis is greater than 108. The experiment lasted for 14 days, of which two and a half days will be carried out in the laboratory, and the other time only need to wear devices and live freely, which will not affect the normal life. The experiment is mainly divided into three parts: 1. Body composition: Items include weight, height, body fat mass (MRI), bone mass (DAX), body density (BODPOD), lean mass (MRI) and 3D parameters (3D scan). The participants will be required to fasting for at least 10 hours. After the test, they will be equipped with continuous glucose monitoring equipment (CGM), motion monitoring equipment (GT3X) and ambient temperature monitoring equipment (ibutton). 2. Controlled trial: The specific detection contents include resting energy expenditure (REE), active energy expenditure (AEE) and energy intake. The investigators will provide participants with three meals, as an energy restricted breakfast, a standard lunch and supper for dietary component testing. The subjective hunger and eating preference rate of participants will be measured by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and questionnaires. Non-physical activities such as working, reading and watching movies will be allowed during the experiment. Venous blood will be collected at several specific points (fasting 10 hours, after breakfast, before lunch and after lunch). In addition, sweat, urine and feces will also be collected. 3. Exercise trial: The schedule is the same as the control trial except for Blood drawing time and 30 minutes of power bike after breakfast, the intensity is 100 watt with 1 minute 25 watt break every 5 minute during the exercise. Venous blood will be collected at several specific points in time (just after exercise, before lunch and after lunch).
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NA
Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
81
Changes in the participants' energy balance will be measured through moderate to high intensity exercise. Observation of food intake, body composition, metabolic rate, food assimilation rate.
Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology
Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
RECRUITINGMacronutrient preference
Macronutrients preference will be recorded by the feeding table, macronutrient preference will be calculated in percentage(%).
Time frame: During lunchtime and dinnertime on both the control day(baseline) and exercise day(the day after control day), each test lasting for 40 minutes.
Energy intake
Response on standard feeding table, the food consumption will be recorded continuously by balances underneath each food dish. The total energy intake will be calculated in kilojoule (KJ).
Time frame: During lunchtime and dinnertime on both the control day(baseline) and exercise day(the day after control day), each test lasting for 40 minutes.
Basal metabolic rate
Resting energy expenditure will be measured using indirect calorimetry via a respiratory hood system (Cosmed). The subject attends in the lab after an overnight fast. The person lies down on a flat bed and the hood is placed over their head. Metabolic rate (oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production) are monitored for 40 minutes. The last 10 minutes is used as the measurement. Calorimeters will be assessed with a turbine test to ensure accuracy of measurements. Validation via an alcohol burn will be performed monthly.
Time frame: The detection time spans over two days, the control day and the exercise day, from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm, with tests being conducted every hour and each test lasting for half an hour.
Blood glucose
Blood glucose will be recorded by the continuous glucose monitoring system(CGM) in mmol/L.
Time frame: Wear it for a total of 4 consecutive days, including the physical examination day, the control day, the exercise day, and the day following the exercise day.
Physical activity
Physical activity of the participants will be recorded using GT3X accelerometer worn near the hip for a consecutive period of 14 days. The monitor should not be worn while bathing or swimming. The first day is discarded along with any day where the wear time is less than 12 hours. For a valid measure the goal is to get 2 weekday and 2 weekend days.
Time frame: Wear it for 14 days from the physical examination day
Ambient temperature
The iButton (DS1921G) monitors will be provided for the assessment of both indoor and outdoor temperature of their living environment in centigrade(℃). The iButtons can be affixed to the hand bag (or clothes) to measure the subject exposure temperature, an indoor wall of home and workplace, and the building outside to measure the outdoor temperature using a strip of adhesive, water resistant, medical grade tape.
Time frame: Wear it for 14 days from the physical examination day
Circulating Biochemical indexes and hormones
Levels of circulating hormones (including leptin, insulin, ghrelin etc) will be measured when fasted and after a standard intervention meal. Levels of circulating hormones in the serum will be measured by ELISA (Bio Tek, Synergy4) in mmol/L.
Time frame: The venous blood of volunteers will be collected 10 times on control and exercise days. (Control day: fasting, 1,2,3,4 hours after breakfast and 2 hours after lunch. Exercise day: 0,1,2 hours after exercise and 2 hours after lunch)
Exercise
Physical activity will be carried out by the Ergoselect 100P(Power bike) at 100 watts
Time frame: 30 minutes after breakfast(only on the exercise day), it last for 39 minutes, 30 minutes at 100 watts and 9 minutes at 25 watts.
Exercise metabolic rate
Basal metabolic rate will be recorded by the Quark PFT ergo, The energy expenditure will be calculated in kilojoule (kj).
Time frame: 30 minutes after breakfast(only on the exercise day), it last for 39 minutes, 30 minutes at 100 watts and 9 minutes at 25 watts.
Weight
Volunteers will be asked to fast for 10 hours and measured fasting weight (kilogram, kg) with light clothes and no shoes.
Time frame: On the first morning of the experiment, it last for 10 minutes.
Height
Height will be measured by seca 217 stable stadiometer in meter(m).
Time frame: On the first morning of the experiment, it last for 10 minutes.
Waist circumferences
Waist circumferences will be measured using a whole body laser scanner in centimeter(cm).
Time frame: On the first morning of the experiment, it last for 15 minutes.
Hip circumferences
Hip circumferences will be measured using a whole body laser scanner in centimeter(cm).
Time frame: On the first morning of the experiment, it last for 15 minutes.
Bone mineral density
Bone mineral density will be measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (Horizon Wi).
Time frame: On the first morning of the experiment, it last for 8 minutes.
Fat mass
Fat mass will be measured by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Shanghai united imaging, uMR 790 ). and Bioimpedance Analysis (Tanita, MC-980).
Time frame: On the first morning of the experiment, it last for 30 minutes.
Fat free mass
Fat free mass will be measured by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Shanghai united imaging, uMR 790 ). and Bioimpedance Analysis (Tanita, MC-980).
Time frame: On the first morning of the experiment, it last for 30 minutes.
Blood pressure
Systolic and diastolic blood pressure will be measured using an Omron sphygmomanometer.
Time frame: On both the control and exercise days, blood pressure will be measured prior to the basic energy expenditure(≈8:00 am), it last for 5 minutes.
Body temperature
Body temperature will be measured during lunch using a thermal imager（Fluke RSE600）in centigrade(℃).
Time frame: On both the control and exercise days, the change of body temperature will be measured during lunchtime and suppertime, each test lasting for 40 minutes.
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