Long-Term Organ Damage: Anifrolumab Versus Real-World Standard of Care in Adult Patients With Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Inclusion Criteria for UTLC: 1. Aged 18 through 70 years at index date. 2. Weight ≥40.0 kg at index date. 3. Diagnosis of paediatric or adult SLE ≥24 weeks prior to index date using ≥4 of the 11 modified ACR classification criteria at least one of which must be positive antinuclear antibody test, anti-dsDNA antibodies, or anti-Smith antibody elevated to above normal level. 4. SLEDAI-2K score ≥6 points (Table 8 in Appendix) at index date. 5. No record of current pregnancy at index date. 6. Valid measurement of SDI (Table 9 in Appendix) at index date. Exclusion Criteria: Selected key exclusion criteria from the TULIP trials have been adapted to the RW setting and will be applied to patients in the UTLC. Patients who meet any of the following criteria will be excluded from the study: 1. Corticosteroid dose \>40 mg/day (oral prednisone equivalent) at index date. 2. Any record of receiving any biologic agent (e.g., anifrolumab, belimumab, rituximab, abatacept) at index date or within 4 weeks prior to index date. 3. Any record of malignancy at any point prior to index date, except skin malignancy ≥1 year prior to index date. 4. Record of persistent, new or recurrent nephrotic syndrome, chronic dialysis, or renal transplant at index date. 5. Serum creatinine \>2.0 mg/dL (or \>181 μmol/L) at index date. The following additional exclusion criteria may be applied to the study cohort at the time of analysis, if it is judged that their application will not significantly reduce the sample size available: 6. Record of alcohol consumption ≥14 units/week at index date or ≤1 year prior to index date