Liquid Biopsies for the Detection of Somatic Mutations in bAVMs

Overview

"Personalized medicine has revolutionized patient care, particularly in oncology. Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) are abnormal vessels located on the surface of the brain or within the brain parenchyma, causing abnormal communication between arterial and venous networks, without the interposition of the capillary bed. The main risk of these malformations is rupture, leading to intracranial bleeding, which can cause severe sequelae or even death. bAVMs (except those of clearly identified genetic origin \[\< 5%\], such as mutations associated with Rendu-Osler disease) have long been considered non-genetic in origin. However, somatic genetic mutations activating the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling pathway have recently been identified in surgical specimens of bAVMs. Additionally, targeted inhibition of this pathway is effective in treating these malformations in animals and appears to be effective in extracranial arteriovenous malformations, particularly superficial ones. Next-generation sequencing of circulating DNA on liquid biopsies is a promising and minimally invasive approach to studying the presence of mutations in arteriovenous malformations. The treatment of a bAVM aims to obliterate the malformation to prevent or avoid the risk of hemorrhage. It may involve several therapeutic modalities: microsurgery, endovascular embolization, and radiosurgery. These treatments can be combined, and microsurgery is often preceded by pre-surgical embolization, aimed at reducing the hemorrhagic risk of the intervention. However, these are invasive treatments, not without risk. The identification of mutations through liquid biopsies could enable the development of non-invasive targeted therapies against these bAVMs. This research aims to identify somatic genetic mutations activating the MAPK signaling pathway in bAVMs. These mutations have already been identified in surgical specimens. This research aims to evaluate the diagnostic performances of liquid biopsies (detection of genetic mutations in blood samples, i.e., circulating DNA), with the gold standard being the detection of the same mutations in surgical specimens."

"Description of Domain Knowledge Personalized medicine has revolutionized patient care, especially in oncology. Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) are abnormal vessels located on the brain's surface or within the cerebral parenchyma, abnormally connecting the arterial and venous networks without the intermediary of the capillary bed. The primary risk of these malformations is rupture, leading to intracranial bleeding, which can cause severe sequelae or even death. bAVMs (excluding those of clearly identified genetic origin \[\< 5%\], such as mutations associated with Rendu-Osler disease) have long been considered non-genetic in origin. However, somatic genetic mutations activating the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling pathway have recently been identified in surgical specimens of bAVMs \[1\]. Moreover, targeted inhibition of this pathway is effective in treating these malformations in animal models \[2\] and seems effective in extracranial arteriovenous malformations, particularly superficial ones \[3\]. Next-generation sequencing of circulating DNA on liquid biopsies is a promising new approach, allowing for a non-invasive study of mutations in arteriovenous malformations \[4\]. The treatment of a bAVM aims to obliterate the malformation to prevent or mitigate hemorrhagic risk. Several therapeutic modalities can be used: microsurgery, endovascular embolization, and radiosurgery. These treatments can be combined, with microsurgery often preceded by pre-surgical embolization to reduce the hemorrhagic risk of the intervention. However, these treatments are invasive and not without risk \[5\]. The identification of mutations through liquid biopsies would enable the development of non-invasive targeted therapies against these bAVMs \[6\]. Description of the Population to be Studied and Justification for Their Choice The population consists of patients aged 18 years or older with a bAVM, for whom treatment by microsurgery with preoperative embolization at Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital was decided upon in a multidisciplinary consultation meeting. The choice of this particular population (patients treated with embolization followed by surgery) is justified by the need to obtain the gold standard diagnosis on a surgical specimen for the primary evaluation criteria of the study. Some patients, whose initial decision in the multidisciplinary consultation was treatment by microsurgery with preoperative embolization, will undergo complete embolization. These patients will not have surgery, and the initially planned surgery will be canceled subsequently. These patients will only be included in the analysis of certain secondary outcome criteria. This accounts for about half of the patients. In total, there will be 25 patients for the primary evaluation criteria and about twice as many for the secondary evaluation criteria. Description of Research Elements The research focuses on identifying somatic genetic mutations activating the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling pathway in brain arteriovenous malformations. These mutations have already been identified in surgical specimens. This research aims to evaluate the diagnostic performance of liquid biopsies (search for genetic mutations on blood samples, i.e., circulating DNA search), with the gold standard being the search for the same mutations on surgical specimens. These liquid biopsies will be performed during the embolization procedure by arterial sampling near the malformation and on peripheral venous blood (no additional procedure compared to usual care). A blood sample taken from the artery immediately adjacent to the nidus (2 mL) will use the aspirated blood to check the microcatheter's patency, according to standard care procedures (normally not conserved sample), and two other blood samples will be taken from a peripheral vein \[one at the beginning of the embolization procedure (10 mL) and one at the end of the embolization procedure (10 mL)\] via the venous catheter used by the anesthesia team as part of standard care. This tube taken at the end of the procedure is justified by the hypothesis of the release of mutated cells linked to embolization. Thus, for the research, there will be 1 tube of 2 mL (arterial sample near the nidus, collected as part of standard care but conserved for research) and 2 tubes of 10 mL (peripheral blood sampled from the care catheter), in addition to the samples taken as part of standard care during the embolization procedure. Primary Objective To study the diagnostic performance of 1) liquid biopsies on the artery near the nidus and 2) liquid biopsies on peripheral veins for identifying somatic genetic mutations in bAVMs compared to the gold standard diagnosis on a surgical specimen. Secondary Objectives * Evaluate the prevalence of genetic mutations identified on surgical specimens. * Evaluate the prevalence of genetic mutations identified by liquid biopsies on the artery near the nidus. * Evaluate the prevalence of genetic mutations identified by liquid biopsies on peripheral veins. * Evaluate the general characteristics of patients (age, gender, mode of presentation) for each identified mutation. * Evaluate imaging characteristics of bAVMs for each identified mutation. Number of Participating Centers Monocentric study * Recruiting center: Interventional Neuroradiology Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital"