The Plasma Metabolomics Profiling of Primary Aldosteronism

Inclusion Criteria: * According to 2010 Chinese guidelines for the management of Essential hypertension (EH), EH was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥90 mm Hg, and use of antihypertensive medicine within 2 weeks and excluded from PA through ARR or confirmatory testing. * Patients were confirmed to be diagnosed with Primary aldosteronism (PA) in accordance with the Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline criteria. Patients with an aldosterone-to-renin ratio (ARR) \> 3.7 (ng/dL) further conformed with one of the following confirmatory tests: saline infusion test or captopril-inhibition test. Adrenal CT scans and Adrenal venous sampling (AVS) were performed for PA subtype classification. * Patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA) were determined based on the absence of obvious adenoma on adrenal CT and bilateral aldosterone overproduction. * Patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) were identified based on macroadenoma \>1 cm on adrenal CT, unilateral hypersecretion of aldosterone, and pathological confirmation. * Signed informed consent and agreed to participate in this study. Exclusion Criteria: * other subtypes of secondary hypertension, including renal hypertension, renovascular hypertension, and adrenal hypertension (i.e., pheochromocytoma and Cushing syndrome). * adrenal cortical carcinoma * acute infection at the time of assessment * severe cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, liver or renal dysfunction, tumors, autoimmune disease or mental disorders. * history of adrenalectomy * alcohol abuse or pregnancy