The purpose of this randomised control trial is to determine whether consuming PulseOn enriched crackers for breakfast influences post-prandial glycaemic response and markers of appetite (hunger, fullness, desire to eat) over 4 hours, and energy intake at an ad libitum lunch meal on the same day. Healthy individuals with no underlying metabolic disease will be recruited to take part in this study.
PulseON® is a unique flour that is made 100% from pulses, but unlike other flours it has been obtained through an alternative milling process (WO2019155190) which preserves whole plant cells (Edwards et al., 2020). These cells were shown to remain intact during down-stream processing into food products including bread and biscuits, and influence glycaemic response to these foods (Delamare et al., 2020; Bajka et al., 2021). Interestingly, the PulseON®-enriched breads also significantly enhanced and prolonged release of the gut hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) and peptide YY (PYY), which are known to have anorexigenic effects (Bajka et al., 2023). Studies using chick pea purees and hummus products have also shown positive findings in relation to appetite sensations and food intake (Pälchen et al., 2022; Alshaalan et al., 2024). This work aims to recruit 50 participants through the use of posters and emails at Sheffield Hallam University, as well as in the local Sheffield area and through social media. -30 minutes - baseline measures (body mass index (kg/m2), waist circumference (cm), blood glucose (mmol/l), hunger, fullness, desire to eat) are taken 0 minutes - pre-load consumed within 15 minutes (75g wheat flour / PulseOn crackers) The wheat flour cracker is made from 100% wheat flour. The PulseOn cracker is made from 40% PulseOn flour and 60% wheat flour. 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150, 180, 210 minutes - repeat baseline measures 240 minutes - ad libitum lunch provided (pasta and tomato sauce) and participants instructed to eat to fullness. Paired sample t-tests will be used to compare measures between the two visits.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
50
PulseOn - 1 week washout period between interventions 75g crackers
Control -1 week washout period between interventions 75g crackers
Food and Nutrition Group, Sheffield Hallam University
Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
RECRUITINGEnergy Intake at a test meal
Following the consumption of either the control / PulseOn enriched preload (crackers), participants will be asked to consume a standardised lunch meal of pasta and tomato sauce until they are full. The amount consumed will be measured using the Sussex Ingestion Pattern Monitor, and reported in grams and kcals.
Time frame: Participants consume the preload at 0 minutes, and the test meal at 240mins.
Glycaemic response
Following the consumption of either the control / PulseOn enriched preload (crackers), capillary blood samples will be measured at 15 / 30 minute intervals up to lunch time.
Time frame: Baseline blood measures to be taken at -30 minutes. Participants consume the preload at 0 minutes, and capillary blood samples are measured at 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150, 180 and 210 minutes.
Markers of appetite
Following the consumption of either the control / PulseOn enriched preload (crackers), hunger, fullness and desire to eat will be measured at 15 / 30 minute intervals up to lunch time using visual analogue scale.
Time frame: Baseline hunger, fullness and desire to eat to be taken at -30 minutes. Participants consume the preload at 0 minutes, and further hunger, fullness and desire to eat measures are taken at 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150, 180 and 210 minutes.
Mood
Following the consumption of either the control / PulseOn enriched preload (crackers), the following attributes will be measured at 15 / 30 minute intervals up to lunch time using visual analogue scale - happy, relaxed, energetic, thirsty, nauseous.
Time frame: Baseline mood ratings will be measured at -30 minutes. Participants consume the preload at 0 minutes, and further mood ratings are measured at 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150, 180 and 210 minutes.
Post intervention food / energy / nutrient intake
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Following the completion of the lab-based study, participants will leave the research facility and complete a 24hr estimated measures diet diary which will be analysed on Nutritics.
Time frame: 24hrs post intervention