CRP, Procalcitonin and Pro-BNP as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers in AECOPD

Overview

Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (AECOPD) are one of the chief causes for admission to Emergency Department. AECOPD is a significant cause for mortality and morbidity worldwide. Emergency Medicine Physicians frequently manage these patients. Predicting the severity and possible prognosis of AECOPD is an important task for Emergency Medicine Physicians as treatment options and aggressiveness may depend on these predictions. In our study we aimed to compare different biomarkers such as Procalcitonin, Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (Pro-BNP) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) on their efficacy at predicting the severity and prognosis of AECOPD. We analyzed the data of the selected 196 patients with the diagnosis AECOPD according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2024 guide who were admitted to our Emergency Department between 15/02/2023 and 15/02/2024.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an important health concern worldwide and causes serious mortality and morbidities. Although prevalences can differ across different countries, it was predicted that 480 million people are affected from COPD in 2020 alone (1). COPD is a condition that is characterized by an irreversible chronic inflammation which occurs within the airways, the pulmonary vasculature and parenchyma of the lungs. As a part of the progress of this disease, cough, dyspnea and sputum production could become almost permanent as symptoms. Furthermore, depending on seasonal changes, COPD can present itself with exacerbations, lowering the life quality of the patient and potentially overloading the healthcare systems across the world. COPD exacerbations influence the general condition of the patient. They can cause admittance rates of COPD patient to significantly increase. They can also cause mortalities as well. A COPD patient can have a 5-year mortality rate of up to %50 if they are hospitalized with a COPD exacerbation (2). COPD exacerbations are diagnosed with a detailed medical history, physical examination and necessary diagnostic tests. According the GOLD 2024 guidelines, in order to diagnose and classify a patient with a preliminary diagnosis of a COPD exacerbation Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) dyspnea score, respiratory rate, heart rate, resting oxygen saturation, arterial blood gas and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are among these necessary diagnostic tests. There are studies mentioning CRP and Procalcitonin levels as independent diagnostic biomarkers for asthma and COPD exacerbations (3). There are also studies with findings that support the idea of using CRP and Procalcitonin levels as independent biomarkers to guide the antibiotic therapy in these patients (3-6). In addition to these markers, Pro Brain Natriuretic Peptide (Pro-BNP) is found to be a potentially effective biomarker in predicting the prognosis of COPD patients, both independently and alongside other cardiac biomarkers in a number of studies (7). In this study we have aimed to compare the efficacy of CRP, Procalcitonin and Pro-BNP as diagnostic and prognostic markers in COPD patients. We focused specifically on Procalcitonin and Pro-BNP and if there is any potential superiority of these biomarkers against CRP while evaluating COPD exacerbation patients. This prospective and observational study was conducted in an emergency department (ED) of a tertiary care referral center for the western part of Istanbul. Approximately 80-100 patients with various types of life-threatening emergencies daily receive healthcare service in the red area of the ED. Respiratory distress, dyspnea, and acute lung diseases are leading causes of emergency admission in our department. Our ED involved fully equipped and well-qualified critical care unit and resuscitation areas to provide urgent care and life-saving interventions for those patients. Thus, this study was conducted under optimal infrastructural conditions for patients with COPD exacerbation. The patients for this study were recruited in the ED between 15/02/2023-15/02/2024. In order to form a database to use for our research, a data collection form was organized for each individual. This form compromised of the patient's saturation without supplemental oxygen, heart rate in beats per minute, blood pressure with both systolic and diastolic values separately recorded, body temperature, Electrocardiogram and respiratory rate, with all of them being measured at admittance. A detailed medical history, including the previous and chronic diseases, prescription medicines, past surgeries or invasive procedures and smoking habits, were also added to this data collection form.