The purpose of this study is to examine potential effects of a diet characterized by UPF on hunger-related hormones and executive function. It entails a two-arm, crossover, randomized controlled trial.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
20
Educational handouts on how to adhere to the corresponding diet.
Oklahoma State University
Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
Plasma ghrelin
Measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL)
Time frame: Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days)
Plasma active amylin
Measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL)
Time frame: Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days)
Plasma C-peptide
Measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL)
Time frame: Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days)
Plasma active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
Measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL)
Time frame: Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days)
Plasma gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)
Measured in pg/mL
Time frame: Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days)
Plasma glucagon
Measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL)
Time frame: Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days)
Plasma insulin
Measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL)
Time frame: Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days)
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Plasma leptin
Measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL)
Time frame: Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days)
Plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)
Measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL)
Time frame: Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days)
Plasma pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
Measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL)
Time frame: Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days)
Plasma peptide YY (PYY)
Measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL)
Time frame: Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days)
Plasma secretin
Measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL)
Time frame: Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days)
Body mass
Measured in kilograms
Time frame: Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days)
Body mass index
Measured in kilograms divided by meters squared
Time frame: Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days)
Percent fat mass
Measured using a seca medical body composition analyzer (mBCA) 514 bioelectrical impedance scale, as a percentage
Time frame: Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days)
Body fat mass
Measured using a seca medical body composition analyzer (mBCA) 514 bioelectrical impedance scale, in kilograms
Time frame: Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days)
Percent lean mass
Measured using a seca medical body composition analyzer (mBCA) 514 bioelectrical impedance scale, as a percetange
Time frame: Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days)
Lean mass
Measured using a seca medical body composition analyzer (mBCA) 514 bioelectrical impedance scale, in kilograms
Time frame: Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days)
Food addiction according to the Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0
Presented as a symptom count (score range from 0-11, higher means more food addiction symptoms) and used to classify as "No," "Mild," "Moderate," or "Severe" food addiction
Time frame: Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days)
Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Approach System Scale
Score ranges from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation
Time frame: Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days)
Executive Function: Tower Test (Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System)
Total Achievement Score (range=0-30, higher = higher executive function)
Time frame: Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days)
Executive Function: Color-Word Interference Test (Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System)
Scaled inhibition/switching scores (score range=1-19, higher = higher executive function)
Time frame: Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days)
Ultra-processed food intake
Measured as a percent of total calories, taken from 3-day diet records
Time frame: Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days)