Impact of Resistance Training Volume on Cognitive Function and Physical Performance in Cognitively Impaired Individuals

N/AActive Not RecruitingNCT06528951

University of Beira Interior69 enrolled

Overview

This research project aims to analyze the effects of different resistance training volumes on cognitive function, oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, lipid profile, glycemic status, muscle damage, hemodynamic response, and physical performance in cognitively impaired participants. First, the participants will perform six weeks of resistance training using the same volume for all participants (control phase). The total training volume (sets x repetitions) will be 232 repetitions in the leg press and 160 repetitions in the chest press, with relative intensities ranging from 40% to 70% of 1RM. In week 7, the participants will perform the pre-test, and the outcome measures will be cognitive function, oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, lipid profile, glycemic status, muscle damage, hemodynamic response, and physical performance. After the pre-test, the participants will be randomly assigned into two training groups to perform a 10-week intervention. One group will increase the training volume by 15% concerning the training program performed in the control phase, while the other group will increase the volume by 30%. Participants will perform a control test one week after the intervention to assess hemodynamic parameters and physical performance. One week after the control test, the participants will perform another 10-week resistance training program, where the group that performed a volume of 15% will perform 30%, and the group that performed 30% will perform 45%. One week after the intervention, the participants will perform the post-test, and the outcome measures will be cognitive function, oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, lipid profile, glycemic status, muscle damage, hemodynamic response, and physical performance. The investigators hypothesize that both training volumes will induce similar adaptations in cognitive function, oxidative stress, immune response, lipid profile, glycemic status, muscle damage, hemodynamics, and physical performance in cognitively impaired individuals.

Following specific inclusion and exclusion criteria (see Eligibility Criteria), participants will be recruited from residential care facilities or day centers. They will perform two different resistance training volumes with two weekly sessions. The intensity of the exercises, the type and order, movement velocity, and rest time between exercises will be the same in both groups. First, a six-week control phase will be carried out, during which all participants will perform the same resistance training volume (control phase). The total training volume (sets x repetitions) will be 232 repetitions in the leg press and 160 repetitions in the chest press, with relative intensities ranging from 40% to 70% of 1RM. After the control phase, a pre-test will be carried out to evaluate cognitive function, oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, lipid profile, glycemic status, muscle damage, blood pressure, heart rate, Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB: balance, 4-meter walking, and five-repetition sit-to-stand), medicine ball throw (1Kg), handgrip strength, 1RM leg press, and 1RM chest press. After the pre-test, the participants will be randomly assigned into two groups to perform a 10-week resistance training program with different training volumes: one group will increase the training volume by 15% concerning the training program performed in the control phase, while the other group will increase the volume by 30%. After the 10-week intervention, a control test will be performed to evaluate blood pressure, heart rate, SPPB, medicine ball throw (1 kg), handgrip strength, 1RM leg press, and 1RM chest press. After the control test, the participants will perform another 10-week resistance training program where the group that performed the 15% volume will increase to 30% and the 30% volume to 45%. After the second 10-week intervention program, participants will perform the post-test, and the outcome measures will be cognitive function, oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, lipid profile, glycemic status, muscle damage, blood pressure, heart rate, SPPB, medicine ball throw (1 kg), handgrip strength, 1RM leg press, and 1RM chest press. A control group (without any form of physical exercise), recruited at the beginning of the research project, will also be part of the study. The control group will also undergo a battery of tests before and after the intervention. The outcome measures in the control group will be cognitive function, oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, lipid profile, glycemic status, muscle damage, and SPPB (balance, 4-meter walking, and five-repetition sit-to-stand).

Interventions

Control Phase ( 6Weeks)OTHER

The participants will perform a control phase of six weeks of resistance training using the same volume for the upper (160 repetitions) and lower limbs (230 repetitions), with relative intensities ranging from 40% to 70% of 1RM. The training sequence will be the following: i) 10 minutes of warmup walking on the treadmill, ii) 1-3 sets of 5-10 repetitions at 50-70% of 1RM in the leg press, iii) 1-3 sets of 5-10 repetitions at 40-60% 1RM in the chest press, iv) 1-3 sets of 6-10 repetitions in the sit-to-stand exercise, v) 1-3 sets of 5-7 repetitions in the 1- kg medicine ball throw, and vi) 5 minutes walking on the treadmill.

15% increase in resistance training volume (10 Weeks)OTHER

The participants will perform ten weeks of resistance training, increasing their initial volume by 15% (upper limbs - 184 repetitions; lower limbs - 268 repetitions). The number of sets will range from 1 to 3, and the relative intensities from 40% to 70% 1RM. The training sequence will be the following: i) 10 minutes of warmup walking on the treadmill, ii) 1-3 sets of 3-10 repetitions at 50-70% of 1RM in the leg press, iii) 1-3 sets of 3-10 repetitions at 40-60% 1RM in the chest press, iv) 1-3 sets of 4-10 repetitions in the sit-to-stand exercise, v) 1-3 sets of 3-8 repetitions in the 1- kg medicine ball throw, and vi) 5 minutes walking on the treadmill.

30% increase in resistance training volume (10 Weeks)OTHER

The participants will perform ten weeks of resistance training, increasing their initial volume by 30% (upper limbs - 208 repetitions; lower limbs - 300 repetitions). The number of sets will range from 1 to 3, and the relative intensities from 40% to 70% 1RM. The training sequence will be the following: i) 10 minutes of warmup walking on the treadmill, ii) 1-3 sets of 4-10 repetitions at 50-70% of 1RM in the leg press, iii) 1-3 sets of 4-10 repetitions at 40-60% 1RM in the chest press, iv) 1-3 sets of 5-10 repetitions in the sit-to-stand exercise, v) 1-3 sets of 4-7 repetitions in the 1- kg medicine ball throw, and vi) 5 minutes walking on the treadmill.

One group that performed 15% more volume and increased to 30% (10 Weeks)OTHER

The participants will perform 10 weeks of resistance training. The group that performed a 15% volume will now increase more by 15% and perform 30% (upper limbs - 208 repetitions; lower limbs - 300 repetitions). The number of sets will range from 1 to 3, and the relative intensities from 40% to 70% 1RM. The training sequence will be the following: i) 10 minutes of warmup walking on the treadmill, ii) 1-3 sets of 4-10 repetitions at 50-70% of 1RM in the leg press, iii) 1-3 sets of 4-10 repetitions at 40-60% 1RM in the chest press, iv) 1-3 sets of 5-10 repetitions in the sit-to-stand exercise, v) 1-3 sets of 4-7 repetitions in the 1- kg medicine ball throw, and vi) 5 minutes walking on the treadmill.

One group that performed 30% more volume and increased to 45% (10 Weeks).OTHER

The participants will perform 10 weeks of resistance training. The group that performed a 30% volume will now increase more by 15% and perform 45% (upper limbs - 232 repetitions; lower limbs - 334 repetitions). The number of sets will range from 1 to 3, and the relative intensities from 40% to 70% 1RM. The training sequence will be the following: i) 10 minutes of warmup walking on the treadmill, ii) 1-3 sets of 3-10 repetitions at 50-70% of 1RM in the leg press, iii) 1-3 sets of 3-10 repetitions at 40-60% 1RM in the chest press, iv) 2-3 sets of 8 repetitions in the sit-to-stand exercise, v) 2-3 sets of 8 repetitions in the 1- kg medicine ball throw, and vi) 5 minutes walking on the treadmill.

Control group ( 29 Weeks)OTHER

The participants in the control group will maintain their regular daily activities without performing any form of physical exercise.

Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

Short Physical Performance Battery

The SPPB will determine the overall level of functional performance through three tests: balance (feet side by side, semi-tandem, tandem), 4-meter walking, and 5-repetition sit-to-stand.