Preoperative Ultrasound Evaluation of Fasting Residual Gastric Volume in Patients With Previous Sleeve Gastrectomy

Overview

Preoperative US assessment of residual gastric volume in both; patients with previous laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and those without history of bariatric surgeries, undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, aiming to develop a step for recommendations for fasting guidelines

No doubt, that perioperative aspiration of gastric content during anesthesia process is every anesthesiologist's nightmare, which can lead to serious morbidities and mortalities with a rate of 5% to 9 % in anesthesia airway management accidents. Risk of aspiration usually present during induction of anesthesia due to passive regurgitation during endotracheal intubation while it may occur during recovery from anesthesia in patients with active vomiting. It is known that the volume of residual gastric content is one of the most important factors that can lead to significant increase in the risk of perioperative pulmonary aspiration, acknowledging this fact, lead the American society of Anesthesiology (ASA) to recommend for eight hours fasting for solids (fats and/or meats), six hours for non-human milk and light meals, and two hours for clear fluids, to reduce residual gastric volume and subsequently the risk of perioperative aspiration. There are many different ways to asses gastric content for example nasogastric tube aspiration of gastric content which is an invasive technique. Other ways include imaging tools like abdominal CT scan which is not easily done and will have extra cost on the patient . In addition, wireless motility capsules and gastric emptying scintigraphy can be used but all of them are not suitable for routine assessment. On the other hand Point-of-Care (POC) ultrasound usage in anesthesia management has provided a wide range of rapid, bed side and non-invasive, easy and fast techniques that help to reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality. It also, helped to provide a technique for qualitative and quantitative assessments of residual gastric contents preoperatively through gastric antrum US assessment using measurement of the antral cross-sectional area. In the past it was believed that gastric content more than 2.5 ml/kg was considered as an "at risk" stomach volume , but nowadays several studies using ultrasonography assessment of residual gastric content indicated that the accepted volume should be less than 1.5 ml/kg in healthy fasting adult to define an empty stomach. It is well known that bariatric surgeries nowadays became very popular among patients suffering from obesity for the sake of better quality of life specially sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgeries. A statistical study was done among the American population in 2018 reported that about 252 000 bariatric procedures are being performed every year and the number is rising by time specially with advanced surgical techniques that reduced the complications of these types of surgeries. However; no statistics has been released for Egyptian population. As regards, Nele, et. al. reported that gastric emptying was significantly reduced in patients with history of sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgeries as compared to obese patients by comparing gastric emptying scintigraphy, wireless motility capsule and gastrointestinal fluid aspiration techniques. Also Eric, et al. in their meta-analysis study, have reported that gastric emptying time was reduced after gastric bypass surgery but it was constant or increased with endoscopically inserted intragastric balloons. Many studies tried to asses changes in GIT physiology after bariatric surgeries including gastric emptying time using several methods as mentioned before but less frequently ultrasound guided assessment.

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